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Peru
| page last updated on
June 24, 2010 |
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Background:
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Ancient Peru was the seat of
several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas
whose empire was captured by the Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian
independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces
defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to
democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and
the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's
election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in
the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity.
Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian
measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting
dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his ouster in 2000. A
caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which
ushered in Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government -
Peru's first democratically elected president of Native American
ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan
GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to
1990, has overseen a robust macroeconomic performance.
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Location:
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Western South America, bordering
the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador
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Geographic coordinates:
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10 00 S, 76 00 W
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Map references:
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South America
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Area:
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total: 1,285,216
sq km
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land:
1,279,996 sq km
water:
5,220 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than
Alaska
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Land boundaries:
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total: 7,461
km
border countries:
Bolivia 1,075 km, Brazil 2,995 km, Chile 171 km,
Colombia 1,800 km, Ecuador 1,420 km
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Coastline:
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2,414 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 200
nm
continental shelf:
200 nm
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Climate:
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Current Weather
varies from tropical in
east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes
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Terrain:
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western coastal plain
(costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland
jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Pacific
Ocean 0 m
highest point:
Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m
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Natural resources:
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copper, silver, gold,
petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower,
natural gas
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Land use:
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arable land: 2.88%
permanent crops:
0.47%
other:
96.65% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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12,000 sq km (2003)
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Total
renewable water resources:
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1,913 cu km (2000)
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Freshwater
withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 20.13
cu km/yr (8%/10%/82%)
per capita:
720 cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards:
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earthquakes, tsunamis,
flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity
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Environment
- current issues:
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deforestation (some the
result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and
sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima;
pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note:
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shares control of Lago
Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope
of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon
River
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Population:
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29,907,003 (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 28.5%
(male 4,331,552/female 4,177,918)
15-64 years:
65.7% (male 9,885,766/female 9,763,912)
65 years and over:
5.8% (male 823,833/female 924,022) (2010 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 26.4
years
male:
26.1 years
female:
26.7 years (2010 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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1.193% (2010 est.)
05
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Birth rate:
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19 births/1,000
population (2010 est.)
04
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Death rate:
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6.13 deaths/1,000
population (July 2010 est.)
62
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Net migration rate:
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-0.93 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2010 est.)
18
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Urbanization:
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urban population: 71%
of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization:
1.3% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.046
male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.89 male(s)/female
total population:
1.01 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 27.74
deaths/1,000 live births
male:
30.15 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
25.21 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
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Life expectancy
at birth:
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total population: 71.03
years
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male:
69.14 years
female:
73 years (2010 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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2.32 children born/woman
(2010 est.)
03
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.5% (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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76,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 53
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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3,300 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
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Major
infectious diseases:
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degree of risk: very
high
food or waterborne diseases:
bacterial, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne disease:
dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever
water contact disease:
leptospirosis (2009)
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Nationality:
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noun: Peruvian(s)
adjective:
Peruvian
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Ethnic groups:
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Amerindian 45%, mestizo
(mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese,
and other 3%
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Religions:
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Roman Catholic 81.3%,
Evangelical 12.5%, other 3.3%, unspecified or none 2.9% (2007 Census)
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Languages:
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Spanish (official),
Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian
languages
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Literacy:
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definition: age
15 and over can read and write
total population:
92.9%
male:
96.4%
female:
89.4% (2007 Census)
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School life expectancy (primary to
tertiary education):
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total: 14
years
male:
14 years
female:
14 years (2006)
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Education expenditures:
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2.5% of GDP (2006)
57
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Peru
conventional short form:
Peru
local long form:
Republica del Peru
local short form:
Peru
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Government type:
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constitutional republic
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Capital:
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name: Lima
geographic coordinates:
12 03 S, 77 03 W
time difference:
UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
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Administrative
divisions:
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25 regions (regiones,
singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash,
Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica,
Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre
de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes,
Ucayali
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Independence:
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28 July 1821 (from Spain)
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 28 July
(1821)
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Constitution:
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29 December 1993
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Legal system:
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based on civil law
system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age;
universal and compulsory until the age of 70
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President
Alan GARCIA Perez (since 28 July 2006); First Vice President Luis
GIAMPIETRI Rojas (since 28 July 2006); Second Vice President Lourdes
MENDOZA del Solar (since 28 July 2006); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government
head of government:
President Alan GARCIA Perez (since 28 July 2006);
First Vice President Luis GIAMPIETRI Rojas (since 28 July 2006); Second
Vice President Lourdes MENDOZA del Solar (since 28 July 2006)
note:
Prime Minister Javier VELASQUEZ Quesquen (since 12
July 2009) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the
president
cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president
(For more information visit the World Leaders website  )
elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term (eligible for nonconsecutive reelection); presidential and
congressional elections last held on 9 April 2006 with runoff election
held on 4 June 2006; next to be held in April 2011
election results:
Alan GARCIA Perez elected president in runoff
election; percent of vote - Alan GARCIA Perez 52.5%, Ollanta HUMALA
Tasso 47.5%
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral Congress of
the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (120 seats;
members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections:
last held on 9 April 2006 (next to be held in
April 2011)
election results:
percent of vote by party - UPP 21.2%, PAP 20.6%,
UN 15.3%, AF 13.1%, FC 7.1%, PP 4.1%, RN 4.0%, other 14.6%; seats by
party - UPP 45, PAP 36, UN 17, AF 13, FC 5, PP 2, RN 2
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court of Justice
or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National
Council of the Judiciary)
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Political
parties and leaders:
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Alliance For Progress
(Alianza Para El Progreso) [Cesar ACUNA Peralta]; Alliance For The
Future (Alianza Por El Futuro) or AF (a coalition of pro-FUJIMORI
parties including Cambio 90, Nueva Mayoria, and Si Cumple); Central
Front (Frente Del Centro) or FC (a coalition of Accion Popular, Somos
Peru, and Coordinadora Nacional de Independientes) [Victor Andres GARCIA
Belaunde]; National Renovation Party (Partido Renovacion Nacional)
[Rafael REY]; National Restoration Party (Restauracion Nacional) or RN
[Humberto LAY Sun]; National Solidarity Party (Partido Solidaridad
Nacional) or SN [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio]; Peru Possible (Peru Posible) or
PP [Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique]; Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista
Peruano) or PAP [Alan GARCIA Perez] (also referred to by its original
name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA); Peruvian
Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Peruano) or PNP [Ollanta HUMALA
Tasso]; Popular Christian Party (Partido Popular Cristiano) or PPC
[Lourdes FLORES Nano]; Union for Peru (Union por el Peru) or UPP [Aldo
ESTRADA Choque]
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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General Workers
Confederation of Peru (Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru)
or CGTP [Mario HUAMAN]; Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) or SL [Abimael
GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Victor QUISPE Palomino (top leader
at-large)] (leftist guerrilla group)
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International organization participation:
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APEC, CAN, FAO, G-24,
G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC,
LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAM, OAS,
OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, Union
Latina, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Luis VALDIVIESO Montano
chancery:
1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:
[1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869
FAX:
[1] (202) 659-8124
consulate(s) general:
Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver,
Hartford, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey),
San Francisco
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
P. Michael MCKINLEY
embassy:
Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n, Surco, Lima 33
mailing address:
P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima),
APO AA 34031-5000
telephone:
[51] (1) 434-3000
FAX:
[51] (1) 618-2397
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Flag description:
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three equal, vertical
bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered
in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna,
cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling
out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath
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Economy - overview:
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Peru's economy reflects its varied
geography - an arid coastal region, the Andes further inland, and
tropical lands bordering Colombia and Brazil. Abundant mineral resources
are found in the mountainous areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide
excellent fishing grounds. The Peruvian economy grew by more than 4% per
year during the period 2002-06, with a stable exchange rate and low
inflation. Growth jumped to 9% per year in 2007 and 2008, driven by
higher world prices for minerals and metals and the government's
aggressive trade liberalization strategies, but then fell to less than
1% in 2009 in the face of the world recession and lower commodity export
prices. Peru's rapid expansion has helped to reduce the national
poverty rate by about 15% since 2002, though underemployment remain
high; inflation has trended downward in 2009, to below the Central
Bank's 1-3% target. Despite Peru's strong macroeconomic performance,
overdependence on minerals and metals subjects the economy to
fluctuations in world prices, and poor infrastructure precludes the
spread of growth to Peru's non-coastal areas. Not all Peruvians
therefore have shared in the benefits of growth. President GARCIA's
pursuit of sound trade and macroeconomic policies has cost him political
support since his election. Nevertheless, he remains committed to
Peru's free-trade path. Since 2006, Peru has signed trade deals with the
United States, Canada, Singapore, and China, concluded negotiations
with the European Union, and begun trade talks with Korea, Japan, and
others. The US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA) entered into force 1
February 2009, opening the way to greater trade and investment between
the two economies.
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GDP
(purchasing power parity):
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$253 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45
$250.8
billion (2008 est.)
$228.4
billion (2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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GDP
(official exchange rate):
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$128.9 billion (2009
est.)
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GDP - real growth rate:
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0.9% (2009 est.)
01
9.8%
(2008 est.)
8.9%
(2007 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$8,600 (2009 est.)
15
$8,600
(2008 est.)
$7,900
(2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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GDP -
composition by sector:
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agriculture: 8.2%
industry:
32.1%
services:
59.7% (2009 est.)
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Labor force:
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10.32 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48
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Labor force -
by occupation:
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agriculture: 0.7%
industry:
23.8%
services:
75.5% (2005)
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Unemployment rate:
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8.1% (2009 est.)
8.1%
(2008 est.)
note:
data are for metropolitan Lima; widespread
underemployment
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Population
below poverty line:
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44.5% (2006)
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Household income or consumption by
percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 1.5%
highest 10%:
37.9% (2006)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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52 (2008)
9
46.2
(1996)
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Investment
(gross fixed):
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20.6% of GDP (2009 est.)
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Budget:
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revenues: $35.25
billion
expenditures:
$37.89 billion (2009 est.)
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Public debt:
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24.8% of GDP (2009 est.)
24.1%
of GDP (2008 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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2.9% (2009 est.)
5.8%
(2008 est.)
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Central bank
discount rate:
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1.25% (31 November 2009)
7.25%
(31 December 2008)
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Commercial bank prime lending rate:
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23.67% (31 December 2008)
2
24.1%
(December 2008)
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Stock of money:
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$15.48 billion (31
December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 47
$14.66
billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of quasi money:
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$25.27 billion (31
December 2008)
$19.95
billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of
domestic credit:
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$21.98 billion (31
December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 64
$17.88
billion (31 December 2007)
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Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$69.75 billion (31
December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 48
$55.63
billion (31 December 2008)
$106
billion (31 December 2007)
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Agriculture - products:
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asparagus, coffee, cocoa,
cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges,
pineapples, guavas, bananas, apples, lemons, pears, coca, tomatoes,
mango, barley, medicinal plants, palm oil, marigold, onion, wheat, dry
beans; poultry, beef, dairy products; fish; guinea pigs
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Industries:
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mining and refining of
minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining,
natural gas; fishing and fish processing, textiles, clothing, food
processing
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Industrial production growth rate:
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-4.5% (2009 est.)
09
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Electricity -
production:
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30.57 billion kWh (2008
est.)
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Electricity -
consumption:
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28.97 billion kWh (2008
est.)
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2008 est.)
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Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2008 est.)
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Oil - production:
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114,000 bbl/day (2008
est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
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Oil - consumption:
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160,000 bbl/day (2008
est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
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Oil - exports:
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68,640 bbl/day (2007
est.)
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Oil - imports:
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133,100 bbl/day (2007
est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
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Oil - proved reserves:
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460.8 million bbl (1
January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48
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Natural gas -
production:
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3.39 billion cu m (2008
est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
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Natural gas -
consumption:
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3.39 billion cu m (2008
est.)
country comparison to the world: 70
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
43
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
46
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Natural
gas - proved reserves:
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335.3 billion cu m (1
January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39
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Current account balance:
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$247 million (2009 est.)
-$4.18
billion (2008 est.)
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Exports:
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$26.89 billion (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 61
$31.53
billion (2008 est.)
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Exports - commodities:
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copper, gold, zinc, crude
petroleum and petroleum products, coffee, potatoes, asparagus,
textiles, fishmeal
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Exports - partners:
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US 20%, China 15.2%,
Canada 8.3%, Japan 7%, Chile 5.8%, Brazil 4.2% (2008)
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Imports:
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$21.01 billion (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
$28.44
billion (2008 est.)
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Imports - commodities:
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petroleum and petroleum
products, plastics, machinery, vehicles, iron and steel, wheat, paper
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Imports - partners:
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US 23.4%, China 10.5%,
Brazil 8.7%, Ecuzador 6.4%, Chile 5%, Argentina 5%, Mexico 4.5% (2008)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$33.23 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45
$31.25
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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Debt - external:
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$30.04 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61
$34.59
billion (31 December 2008)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
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$34.6 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
$30.23
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
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$1.694 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
$1.694
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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Exchange rates:
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nuevo sol (PEN) per US
dollar - 2.88 (2009), 2.91 (2008), 3.1731 (2007), 3.2742 (2006), 3.2958
(2005)
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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2.878 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 52
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Telephones -
mobile cellular:
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20.952 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 38
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: adequate
for most requirements; nationwide microwave radio relay system and a
domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations
domestic:
fixed-line teledensity is only about 10 per 100
persons; mobile-cellular teledensity, spurred by competition among
multiple providers, has increased to more than 70 telephones per 100
persons
international:
country code - 51; the South America-1 (SAM-1) and
Pan American (PAN-AM) submarine cable systems provide links to parts of
Central and South America, the Caribbean, and US; satellite earth
stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2008)
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Radio broadcast
stations:
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AM 472, FM 198, shortwave
189 (1999)
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Television
broadcast stations:
|
|
13 (plus 112 repeaters)
(1997)
|
|
|
Internet country code:
|
|
.pe
|
|
|
Internet hosts:
|
|
274,592 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 58
|
|
|
Internet users:
|
|
7.128 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 36
|
|
|
|
Airports:
|
|
201 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 30
|
|
|
Airports -
with paved runways:
|
|
total: 57
over 3,047 m:
6
2,438 to 3,047 m:
20
1,524 to 2,437 m:
14
914 to 1,523 m:
13
under 914 m:
4 (2009)
|
|
|
Airports
- with unpaved runways:
|
|
total: 144
2,438 to 3,047 m:
2
1,524 to 2,437 m:
24
914 to 1,523 m:
39
under 914 m:
79 (2009)
|
|
|
Heliports:
|
|
1 (2009)
|
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
extra heavy crude 533 km;
gas 1,083 km; liquid petroleum gas 677 km; oil 1,018 km; refined
products 15 km (2009)
|
|
|
Railways:
|
|
total: 1,989
km
standard gauge:
1,726 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge:
263 km 0.914-m gauge (2008)
|
|
|
Roadways:
|
|
total: 78,829
km
country comparison to the world: 61
paved:
11,351 km (includes 276 km of expressways)
unpaved:
67,478 km (2004)
|
|
|
Waterways:
|
|
8,808 km
4
note:
8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system
and 208 km of Lago Titicaca (2008)
|
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
total: 8
23
by type:
cargo 3, chemical tanker 1, petroleum tanker 4
foreign-owned:
1 (Bahamas 1)
registered in other countries:
17 (Belize 1, Panama 16) (2008)
|
|
|
Ports and terminals:
|
|
Callao, Iquitos,
Matarani, Paita, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas; note - Iquitos, Pucallpa, and
Yurimaguas are on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries
|
|
|
|
Military branches:
|
|
Army of Peru (Ejercito Peruano),
Navy of Peru (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP (includes naval air, naval
infantry, and Coast Guard)), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru,
FAP) (2008)
|
|
|
Military service age and obligation:
|
|
18-30 years of age for
voluntary male and female military service; no conscription (2008)
|
|
|
Manpower available for military service:
|
|
males age 16-49: 7,920,056
females age 16-49:
7,795,130 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Manpower fit for military service:
|
|
males age 16-49: 6,045,256
females age 16-49:
6,501,224 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Manpower reaching militarily significant age
annually:
|
|
male: 312,375
female:
302,452 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Military expenditures:
|
|
1.5% of GDP (2006)
|
|
|
|
| Transnational Issues
::Peru |
Disputes -
international:
|
|
Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's
November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint
treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to
equidistance lines which favor Peru; organized illegal narcotics
operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru
rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign
corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border
|
|
|
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
|
|
IDPs: 60,000-150,000
(civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean
and Amazonian regions) (2007)
|
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
until 1996 the world's
largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now the world's second largest
producer of coca leaf, though it lags far behind Colombia; cultivation
of coca in Peru declined to 36,000 hectares in 2007; second largest
producer of cocaine, estimated at 210 metric tons of potential pure
cocaine in 2007; finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to
the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished
cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and
Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and
Africa; increasing domestic drug consumption
|
|
|
|
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