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Ecuador
| page last updated on
June 24, 2010 |
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Background:
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What is now Ecuador formed part of
the northern Inca Empire until the Spanish conquest in 1533. Quito
became a seat of Spanish colonial government in 1563 and part of the
Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717. The territories of the Viceroyalty -
New Granada (Colombia), Venezuela, and Quito - gained their
independence between 1819 and 1822 and formed a federation known as Gran
Colombia. When Quito withdrew in 1830, the traditional name was changed
in favor of the "Republic of the Equator." Between 1904 and 1942,
Ecuador lost territories in a series of conflicts with its neighbors. A
border war with Peru that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999. Although
Ecuador marked 25 years of civilian governance in 2004, the period has
been marred by political instability. Protests in Quito have contributed
to the mid-term ouster of Ecuador's last three democratically elected
Presidents. In September 2008, voters approved a new constitution;
Ecuador's twentieth since gaining independence. General elections, under
the new constitutional framework, were held in April 2009.
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Location:
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Western South America, bordering
the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between Colombia and Peru
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Geographic coordinates:
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2 00 S, 77 30 W
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Map references:
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South America
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Area:
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total: 283,561
sq km
land:
276,841 sq km
water:
6,720 sq km
note:
includes Galapagos Islands
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than
Nevada
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Land boundaries:
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total: 2,010
km
border countries:
Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km
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Coastline:
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2,237 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 200
nm
continental shelf:
100 nm from 2,500-m isobath
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Climate:
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Current Weather
tropical along coast,
becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian
jungle lowlands
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Terrain:
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coastal plain (costa),
inter-Andean central highlands (sierra), and flat to rolling eastern
jungle (oriente)
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Pacific
Ocean 0 m
highest point:
Chimborazo 6,267 m
note:
due to the fact that the earth is not a perfect
sphere and has an equatorial bulge, the highest point on the planet
furthest from its center is Mount Chimborazo not Mount Everest, which is
merely the highest peak above sea-level
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Natural resources:
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petroleum, fish, timber,
hydropower
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Land use:
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arable land: 5.71%
permanent crops:
4.81%
other:
89.48% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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8,650 sq km (2003)
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Total
renewable water resources:
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432 cu km (2000)
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Freshwater
withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 16.98
cu km/yr (12%/5%/82%)
per capita:
1,283 cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards:
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frequent earthquakes;
landslides; volcanic activity; floods; periodic droughts
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Environment
- current issues:
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deforestation; soil
erosion; desertification; water pollution; pollution from oil production
wastes in ecologically sensitive areas of the Amazon Basin and
Galapagos Islands
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous
Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note:
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Cotopaxi in Andes is
highest active volcano in world
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Population:
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14,790,608 (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 30.6%
(male 2,308,484/female 2,216,312)
15-64 years:
63.1% (male 4,602,511/female 4,733,405)
65 years and over:
6.3% (male 447,568/female 482,328) (2010 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 25.3
years
male:
24.7 years
female:
25.9 years (2010 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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1.466% (2010 est.)
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Birth rate:
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20.32 births/1,000
population (2010 est.)
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Death rate:
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5 deaths/1,000 population
(July 2010 est.)
87
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Net migration rate:
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-0.66 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2010 est.)
11
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Urbanization:
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urban population: 66%
of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization:
2.1% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05
male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.93 male(s)/female
total population:
0.99 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 20.26
deaths/1,000 live births
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male:
23.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
16.66 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
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Life expectancy
at birth:
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total population: 75.52
years
male:
72.58 years
female:
78.6 years (2010 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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2.46 children born/woman
(2010 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.3% (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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26,000 (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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1,400 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
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Major
infectious diseases:
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degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases:
bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases:
dengue fever and malaria
water contact disease:
leptospirosis (2009)
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Nationality:
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noun: Ecuadorian(s)
adjective:
Ecuadorian
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Ethnic groups:
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mestizo (mixed Amerindian
and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%, Spanish and others 7%, black 3%
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Religions:
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Roman Catholic 95%, other
5%
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Languages:
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Spanish (official),
Amerindian languages (especially Quechua)
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Literacy:
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definition: age
15 and over can read and write
total population:
91%
male:
92.3%
female:
89.7% (2001 census)
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Education expenditures:
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1% of GDP (2001)
9
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Ecuador
conventional short form:
Ecuador
local long form:
Republica del Ecuador
local short form:
Ecuador
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Government type:
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republic
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Capital:
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name: Quito
geographic coordinates:
0 13 S, 78 30 W
time difference:
UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
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Administrative
divisions:
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24 provinces (provincias,
singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar, Carchi, Chimborazo,
Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Los
Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Pichincha, Santa
Elena, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Sucumbios, Tungurahua,
Zamora-Chinchipe
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Independence:
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24 May 1822 (from Spain)
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National holiday:
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Independence Day
(independence of Quito), 10 August (1809)
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Constitution:
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20 October 2008
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Legal system:
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based on civil law
system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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Suffrage:
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16 years of age;
universal, compulsory for persons ages 18-65, optional for other
eligible voters
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President
Rafael CORREA Delgado (since 15 January 2007); Vice President Lenin
MORENO Garces (since 15 January 2007); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government
head of government:
President Rafael CORREA Delgado (since 15 January
2007); Vice President Lenin MORENO Garces (since 15 January 2007)
cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the president
(For more information visit the World Leaders website  )
elections:
the president and vice president elected on the
same ticket by popular vote for a four-year term and can be re-elected
for another consecutive term; election last held on 26 April 2009 (next
to be held in 2013)
election results:
President Rafael CORREA Delgado reelected
president; percent of vote - Rafael CORREA Delgado 52%; Lucio GUTIERREZ
28.2%; Alvaro NOBOA 11.4%; other 8.4%
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral National
Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (124 seats; members are elected through a
party-list proportional representation system to serve four-year terms)
elections:
last held on 26 April 2009 (next to be held in
2013)
election results:
percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party -
PAIS 59, PSP 19, PSC 11, PRIAN 7, MPD 5, PRE 3, other 20; note -
defections by members of National Assembly are commonplace, resulting in
frequent changes in the numbers of seats held by the various parties
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Judicial branch:
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National Court of Justice
or Corte Nacional de Justicia (according to the Constitution, justices
are elected through a procedure overseen by the Judiciary Council);
Constitutional Court or Corte Constitucional (Constitutional Court
justices are appointed by a commission composed of two delegates each
from the Executive, Legislative, and Transparency branches of
government)
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Political
parties and leaders:
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Alianza PAIS movement
[Rafael Vicente CORREA Delgado]; Christian Democratic Union or UDC [Luis
ACOSTA Moreta]; Democratic Left or ID [Dalton BACIGALUPO]; Ethical and
Democratic Network or RED [Martha ROLDOS]; Institutional Renewal and
National Action Party or PRIAN [Vicente TAIANO]; Pachakutik
Plurinational Unity Movement - New Country or MUPP-NP [Jorge GUAMAN
Coronel]; Patriotic Society Party or PSP [Lucio GUTIERREZ Borbua];
Popular Democratic Movement or MPD [Luis VILLACIS]; Roldosist Party or
PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Pulley, director]; Social Christian Party or PSC
[Pascual DEL CIOPPO]; Socialist Party - Broad Front or PS-FA [Silvia
SALGADO]
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Confederation of
Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador or CONAIE [Marlon SANTI, president];
Coordinator of Social Movements or CMS [F. Napoleon SALTOS]; Federation
of Indigenous Evangelists of Ecuador or FEINE [Manuel CHUGCHILAN,
president]; National Federation of Indigenous Afro-Ecuatorianos and
Peasants or FENOCIN [Luis Alberto ANDRANGO Cadena, president]
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International organization participation:
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CAN, FAO, G-77, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA,
Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, OPEC, PCA,
RG, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL,
UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Luis Benigno GALLEGOS Chiriboga
chancery:
2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone:
[1] (202) 234-7200
FAX:
[1] (202) 667-3482
consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans,
New York, Newark (New Jersey), San Francisco
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Heather HODGES
embassy:
Avenida Avigiras E12-170 y Avenida Eloy Alfaro,
Quito
mailing address:
Avenida Guayacanes N52-205 y Avenida Avigiras
telephone:
[593] (2) 398-5000
FAX:
[593] (2) 398-5100
consulate(s) general:
Guayaquil
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Flag description:
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three horizontal bands of
yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the coat of arms
superimposed at the center of the flag; the flag retains the three main
colors of the banner of Gran Columbia, the South American republic that
broke up in 1830; the yellow color represents sunshine, grain, and
mineral wealth, blue the sky, sea, and rivers, and red the blood of
patriots spilled in the struggle for freedom and justice
note:
similar to the flag of Colombia, which is shorter
and does not bear a coat of arms
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Economy - overview:
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Ecuador is substantially dependent
on its petroleum resources, which have accounted for more than half of
the country's export earnings and one-fourth of public sector revenues
in recent years. In 1999/2000, Ecuador suffered a severe economic
crisis, with GDP contracting by more than 6%. Poverty increased
significantly, the banking system collapsed, and Ecuador defaulted on
its external debt later that year. In March 2000, Congress approved a
series of structural reforms that also provided for the adoption of the
US dollar as legal tender. Dollarization stabilized the economy, and
positive growth returned in the years that followed, helped by high oil
prices, remittances, and increased non-traditional exports. From 2002-06
the economy grew 5.5%, the highest five-year average in 25 years. The
poverty rate declined during this period but remained high at 38% in
2006. After moderate growth in 2007, the economy reached a growth rate
of 6.5% in 2008, in large part due to high global petroleum prices.
Poverty levels declined to about 35% by the end of 2008. President
Rafael CORREA, who took office in January 2007, raised the specter of a
sovereign debt default and followed through on those threats in December
2008, defaulting on $3.2 billion in international bonds, representing
over 80% of Ecuador's private external debt. Economic policies under the
CORREA administration - including an announcement in late 2009
terminating 13 bilateral investment treaties, one with the US - have
generated economic uncertainty and discouraged both domestic and foreign
private investment. The Ecuadorian economy contracted in 2009, mainly
due to the global financial crisis, and also the sharp decline in world
oil prices and remittance flows.
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GDP
(purchasing power parity):
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$108.2 billion (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
$109.3
billion (2008 est.)
$102.6
billion (2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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GDP
(official exchange rate):
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$56.27 billion (2009
est.)
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GDP - real growth rate:
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-1% (2009 est.)
27
6.5%
(2008 est.)
2.5%
(2007 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$7,400 (2009 est.)
23
$7,600
(2008 est.)
$7,300
(2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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GDP -
composition by sector:
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agriculture: 6.8%
industry:
35.2%
services:
58% (2009 est.)
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Labor force:
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4.77 million (urban)
(2009 est.)
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Labor force -
by occupation:
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agriculture: 8.3%
industry:
21.2%
services:
70.4% (2005)
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Unemployment rate:
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8.5% (2009 est.)
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7.3%
(2008 est.)
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Population
below poverty line:
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35.1% (2008)
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Household income or consumption by
percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 1.2%
highest 10%:
43.3%
note:
data for urban households only (2007)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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47.9 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 31
50.5
(2006)
note:
data are for urban households
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Investment
(gross fixed):
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22.2% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
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Budget:
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revenues: $16.84
billion
expenditures:
planned $18.9 billion (2009 est.)
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Public debt:
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22.1% of GDP (November
2009 est.)
02
25.1%
of GDP (2008)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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4.3% (2009 est.)
37
8.4%
(2008 est.)
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Central bank
discount rate:
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note: as
a dollarized economy, the Central Bank does not implement money market
operations with private banks
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Commercial bank prime lending rate:
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19% (31 December 2009)
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9.14%
(31 December 2008)
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Stock of money:
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$9.215 billion (31
December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 55
$5.907
billion (31 December 2008)
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Stock of quasi money:
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$9.79 billion (31
December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 64
$9.383
billion (31 December 2008)
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Stock of
domestic credit:
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$14.56 billion (31
December 2009)
$14.3
billion (31 December 2008)
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Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$4.248 billion (31
December 2009)
$4.562
billion (31 December 2008)
$4.266
billion (31 December 2007)
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Agriculture - products:
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bananas, coffee, cocoa,
rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca), plantains, sugarcane; cattle, sheep,
pigs, beef, pork, dairy products; balsa wood; fish, shrimp
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Industries:
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petroleum, food
processing, textiles, wood products, chemicals
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Industrial production growth rate:
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-0.6% (2009 est.)
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Electricity -
production:
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16.42 billion kWh (2007
est.)
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Electricity -
consumption:
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15.81 billion kWh (2007
est.)
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Electricity - exports:
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20.68 million kWh (2007
est.)
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Electricity - imports:
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1.12 billion kWh (2007
est.)
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Oil - production:
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486,100 bbl/day (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
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Oil - consumption:
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191,000 bbl/day (2009
est.)
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Oil - exports:
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327,600 bbl/day (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 37
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Oil - imports:
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54,190 bbl/day (2007
est.)
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Oil - proved reserves:
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3.64 billion bbl (1
January 2009 est.)
8
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Natural gas -
production:
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260 million cu m (2008
est.)
country comparison to the world: 71
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Natural gas -
consumption:
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260 million cu m (2008
est.)
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural
gas - proved reserves:
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8.919 billion cu m (1
January 2009 est.)
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Current account balance:
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-$337.4 million (2009
est.)
00
$1.12
billion (2008 est.)
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Exports:
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$14.34 billion (2009
est.)
$19.15
billion (2008)
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Exports - commodities:
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petroleum, bananas, cut
flowers, shrimp, cacao, coffee, hemp, wood, fish
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Exports - partners:
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US 33.5%, Peru 6.8%,
Chile 6.5%, Columbia 4.9% (2009 est.)
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Imports:
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$14.27 billion (2009
est.)
$17.78
billion (2008 est.)
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Imports - commodities:
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industrial materials,
fuels and lubricants, nondurable consumer goods
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Imports - partners:
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US 25.4%, Columbia 10.6%,
Venezuela 6.5%, Brazil 4.5% (2009 est.)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$3.792 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
$4.473
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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Debt - external:
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$13.28 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
$16.82
billion (31 December 2008)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
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$11.61 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
$11.3
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
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$8.055 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 53
$8.413
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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Exchange rates:
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1 (2009)
note:
the US dollar is legal tender
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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1.91 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 58
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Telephones -
mobile cellular:
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11.595 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 52
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: generally
elementary but being expanded
domestic:
fixed-line services provided by multiple
telecommunications operators; fixed-line teledensity stands at about 14
per 100 persons; mobile-cellular use has surged and subscribership
reached about 85 per 100 persons in 2008
international:
country code - 593; landing points for the PAN-AM
and South America-1 submarine cables that provide links to the west
coast of South America, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and extending
onward to Aruba and the US Virgin Islands in the Caribbean; satellite
earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2008)
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Radio broadcast
stations:
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AM 392, FM 35, shortwave
29 (2001)
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Television
broadcast stations:
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7 (plus 14 repeaters)
(2000)
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Internet country code:
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.ec
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Internet hosts:
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57,785 (2009)
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Internet users:
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1.31 million (2008)
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Airports:
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420 (2009)
9
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Airports -
with paved runways:
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total: 103
over 3,047 m:
3
2,438 to 3,047 m:
3
1,524 to 2,437 m:
18
914 to 1,523 m:
25
under 914 m:
54 (2009)
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Airports
- with unpaved runways:
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total: 317
914 to 1,523 m:
38
under 914 m:
279 (2009)
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Heliports:
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2 (2009)
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Pipelines:
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extra heavy crude 435 km;
gas 5 km; oil 1,374 km; refined products 1,301 km (2009)
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Railways:
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total: 965
km
narrow gauge:
965 km 1.067-m gauge (2008)
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Roadways:
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|
total: 43,670
km
paved:
6,472 km
unpaved:
37,198 km (2006)
|
|
|
Waterways:
|
|
1,500 km (most
inaccessible) (2008)
country comparison to the world: 54
|
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
total: 37
by type:
cargo 1, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 1,
passenger 8, petroleum tanker 24, refrigerated cargo 1, specialized
tanker 1
foreign-owned:
1 (US 1)
registered in other countries:
5 (China 1, Panama 4) (2008)
|
|
|
Ports and terminals:
|
|
Esmeraldas, Guayaquil,
Manta, Puerto Bolivar
|
|
|
|
Military branches:
|
|
Army, Navy (includes Naval
Infantry, Naval Aviation, Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea
Ecuatoriana, FAE) (2007)
|
|
|
Military service age and obligation:
|
|
20 years of age for
selective conscript military service; 12-month service obligation (2008)
|
|
|
Manpower available for military service:
|
|
males age 16-49: 3,662,176
females age 16-49:
3,781,102 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Manpower fit for military service:
|
|
males age 16-49: 2,770,465
females age 16-49:
3,217,235 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Manpower reaching militarily significant age
annually:
|
|
male: 150,296
female:
145,184 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Military expenditures:
|
|
0.9% of GDP (2009)
37
|
|
|
|
| Transnational Issues
::Ecuador |
Disputes -
international:
|
|
organized illegal narcotics
operations in Colombia penetrate across Ecuador's shared border, which
thousands of Colombians also cross to escape the violence in their home
country
|
|
|
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
|
|
refugees (country of origin): 11,526
(Colombia); note - UNHCR estimates as many as 250,000 Columbians are
seeking asylum in Ecuador, many of whom do not register as refugees for
fear of deportation (2007)
|
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
significant transit
country for cocaine originating in Colombia and Peru, with much of the
US-bound cocaine passing through Ecuadorian Pacific waters; importer of
precursor chemicals used in production of illicit narcotics; attractive
location for cash-placement by drug traffickers laundering money because
of dollarization and weak anti-money-laundering regime; increased
activity on the northern frontier by trafficking groups and Colombian
insurgents
(2008)
|
|
|
|
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