Popes in their secular role ruled portions of the Italian peninsula for more than a thousand years until the mid 19th century, when many of the Papal States were seized by the newly united Kingdom of Italy. In 1870, the pope's holdings were further circumscribed when Rome itself was annexed. Disputes between a series of "prisoner" popes and Italy were resolved in 1929 by three Lateran Treaties, which established the independent state of Vatican City and granted Roman Catholicism special status in Italy. In 1984, a concordat between the Holy See and Italy modified certain of the earlier treaty provisions, including the primacy of Roman Catholicism as the Italian state religion. Present concerns of the Holy See include religious freedom, international development, the environment, the Middle East, China, the decline of religion in Europe, terrorism, interreligious dialogue and reconciliation, and the application of church doctrine in an era of rapid change and globalization. About one billion people worldwide profess the Catholic faith.

Southern Europe, an enclave of Rome (Italy)

41 54 N, 12 27 E

Europe

about 0.7 times the size of The National Mall in Washington, DC

0 km (landlocked)

none (landlocked)

temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)

urban; low hill

none

0 sq km

NA

NA

landlocked; enclave in Rome, Italy; world's smallest state; beyond the territorial boundary of Vatican City, the Lateran Treaty of 1929 grants the Holy See extraterritorial authority over 23 sites in Rome and five outside of Rome, including the Pontifical Palace at Castel Gandolfo (the Pope's summer residence)

829 (July 2010 est.)

0.004% (2010 est.)

NA

NA

NA

Italians, Swiss, other

Roman Catholic

Italian, Latin, French, various other languages

ecclesiastical

none

11 February 1929 (from Italy); note - the three treaties signed with Italy on 11 February 1929 acknowledged, among other things, the full sovereignty of the Vatican and established its territorial extent; however, the origin of the Papal States, which over the years have varied considerably in extent, may be traced back to the 8th century

Election Day of Pope BENEDICT XVI, 19 April (2005)

Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHN PAUL II on 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replaced the first Fundamental Law of 1929)

based on Code of Canon Law and revisions to it

limited to cardinals less than 80 years old

unicameral Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State

there are three tribunals responsible for civil and criminal matters within Vatican City; three other tribunals rule on issues pertaining to the Holy See

none

none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers)

CE (observer), IAEA, Interpol, IOM (observer), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNHCR, Union Latina (observer), UNWTO (observer), UPU, WFTU, WIPO, WTO (observer)

two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the arms of the Holy See, consisting of the crossed keys of Saint Peter surmounted by the three-tiered papal tiara, centered in the white band; the yellow color represents the pope's spiritual power, the white his worldly power

The Holy See is supported financially by a variety of sources, including investments, real estate income, and donations from Catholic individuals, dioceses, and institutions; these help fund the Roman Curia (Vatican bureaucracy), diplomatic missions, and media outlets. The separate Vatican City State budget includes the Vatican museums and post office and is supported financially by the sale of stamps, coins, medals, and tourist mementos; by fees for admission to museums; and by publications sales. Moreover, an annual collection taken up in dioceses and direct donations go to a non-budgetary fund known as Peter's Pence, which is used directly by the Pope for charity, disaster relief, and aid to churches in developing nations. The incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome.

$NA

NA

NA%

printing; production of coins, medals, postage stamps; mosaics and staff uniforms; worldwide banking and financial activities

NA kWh

NA kWh

NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Italy; a small portion of electricity is self-produced from solar panels

euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.7338 (2009), 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005)

5,120 (2005)

AM 5, FM 3, shortwave 5 (2008)

1 (2008)

.va

63 (2009)

Pontifical Swiss Guard Corps (Corpo della Guardia Svizzera Pontificia) (2010)

defense is the responsibility of Italy; ceremonial and limited security duties performed by Pontifical Swiss Guard

none