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Slovenia
Background:
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The Slovene lands were part of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latter's dissolution at the end of
World War I. In 1918, the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in
forming a new multinational state, which was named Yugoslavia in 1929.
After World War II, Slovenia became a republic of the renewed
Yugoslavia, which though Communist, distanced itself from Moscow's rule.
Dissatisfied with the exercise of power by the majority Serbs, the
Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991 after a
short 10-day war. Historical ties to Western Europe, a strong economy,
and a stable democracy have assisted in Slovenia's transformation to a
modern state. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of
2004.
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Location:
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Central Europe, eastern Alps
bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Austria and Croatia
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Geographic coordinates:
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46 07 N, 14 49 E
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Map references:
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Europe
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Area:
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total: 20,273
sq km
54
land:
20,151 sq km
water:
122 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than New
Jersey
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Land boundaries:
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total: 1,086
km
border countries:
Austria 330 km, Croatia 455 km, Hungary 102 km,
Italy 199 km
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Coastline:
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46.6 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12
nm
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Climate:
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Current Weather
Mediterranean climate on
the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters
in the plateaus and valleys to the east
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Terrain:
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a short coastal strip on
the Adriatic, an alpine mountain region adjacent to Italy and Austria,
mixed mountains and valleys with numerous rivers to the east
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Adriatic
Sea 0 m
highest point:
Triglav 2,864 m
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Natural resources:
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lignite coal, lead, zinc,
building stone, hydropower, forests
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Land use:
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arable land: 8.53%
permanent crops:
1.43%
other:
90.04% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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30 sq km (2003)
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Total
renewable water resources:
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32.1 cu km (2005)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 0.9
per capita:
457 cu m/yr (2002)
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Natural hazards:
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flooding; earthquakes
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Environment - current issues:
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Sava River polluted with
domestic and industrial waste; pollution of coastal waters with heavy
metals and toxic chemicals; forest damage near Koper from air pollution
(originating at metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid
rain
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Air
Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent
Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands,
Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note:
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despite its small size,
this eastern Alpine country controls some of Europe's major transit
routes
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Population:
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2,003,136 (July 2010 est.)
45
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 13.5%
(male 139,227/female 130,998)
15-64 years:
69.9% (male 705,625/female 694,487)
65 years and over:
16.6% (male 130,683/female 202,116) (2010 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 42.1
years
male:
40.4 years
female:
43.7 years (2010 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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-0.142% (2010 est.)
12
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Birth rate:
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8.92 births/1,000
population (2010 est.)
11
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Death rate:
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10.74 deaths/1,000
population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 46
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Net migration rate:
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0.4 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 61
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Urbanization:
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urban population: 48%
of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization:
-0.6% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.066
male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.65 male(s)/female
total population:
0.95 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 4.21
deaths/1,000 live births
04
male:
4.76 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
3.62 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 77.12
years
male:
73.45 years
female:
81.03 years (2010 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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1.29 children born/woman
(2010 est.)
10
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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less than 0.1% (2007
est.)
58
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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280 (2007 est.)
54
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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fewer than 100 (2007
est.)
31
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Nationality:
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noun: Slovene(s)
adjective:
Slovenian
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Ethnic groups:
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Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%,
Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or unspecified 12% (2002 census)
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Religions:
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Catholic 57.8%, Muslim
2.4%, Orthodox 2.3%, other Christian 0.9%, unaffiliated 3.5%, other or
unspecified 23%, none 10.1% (2002 census)
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Languages:
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Slovenian 91.1%,
Serbo-Croatian 4.5%, other or unspecified 4.4% (2002 census)
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Literacy:
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definition: NA
total population:
99.7%
male:
99.7%
female:
99.6%
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
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total: 17
years
male:
16 years
female:
17 years (2006)
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Education expenditures:
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6% of GDP (2005)
country comparison to the world: 42
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Slovenia
conventional short form:
Slovenia
local long form:
Republika Slovenija
local short form:
Slovenija
former:
People's Republic of Slovenia, Socialist Republic
of Slovenia
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Government type:
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parliamentary republic
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Capital:
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name: Ljubljana
geographic coordinates:
46 03 N, 14 31 E
time difference:
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time:
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
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Administrative divisions:
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182 municipalities
(obcine, singular - obcina) and 11 urban municipalities* (mestne obcine,
singular - mestna obcina) Ajdovscina, Beltinci, Benedikt, Bistrica ob
Sotli, Bled, Bloke, Bohinj, Borovnica, Bovec, Braslovce, Brda, Brezice,
Brezovica, Cankova, Celje*, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Cerknica, Cerkno,
Cerkvenjak, Crensovci, Crna na Koroskem, Crnomelj, Destrnik, Divaca,
Dobje, Dobrepolje, Dobrna, Dobrova-Horjul-Polhov Gradec,
Dobrovnik-Dobronak, Dolenjske Toplice, Dol pri Ljubljani, Domzale,
Dornava, Dravograd, Duplek, Gorenja Vas-Poljane, Gorisnica, Gornja
Radgona, Gornji Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Grad, Grosuplje, Hajdina,
Hoce-Slivnica, Hodos-Hodos, Horjul, Hrastnik, Hrpelje-Kozina, Idrija,
Ig, Ilirska Bistrica, Ivancna Gorica, Izola-Isola, Jesenice, Jezersko,
Jursinci, Kamnik, Kanal, Kidricevo, Kobarid, Kobilje, Kocevje, Komen,
Komenda, Koper-Capodistria*, Kostel, Kozje, Kranj*, Kranjska Gora,
Krizevci, Krsko, Kungota, Kuzma, Lasko, Lenart, Lendava-Lendva, Litija,
Ljubljana*, Ljubno, Ljutomer, Logatec, Loska Dolina, Loski Potok,
Lovrenc na Pohorju, Luce, Lukovica, Majsperk, Maribor*, Markovci,
Medvode, Menges, Metlika, Mezica, Miklavz na Dravskem Polju,
Miren-Kostanjevica, Mirna Pec, Mislinja, Moravce, Moravske Toplice,
Mozirje, Murska Sobota*, Muta, Naklo, Nazarje, Nova Gorica*, Novo
Mesto*, Odranci, Oplotnica, Ormoz, Osilnica, Pesnica, Piran-Pirano,
Pivka, Podcetrtek, Podlehnik, Podvelka, Polzela, Postojna, Prebold,
Preddvor, Prevalje, Ptuj*, Puconci, Race-Fram, Radece, Radenci, Radlje
ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne na Koroskem, Razkrizje, Ribnica, Ribnica na
Pohorju, Rogasovci, Rogaska Slatina, Rogatec, Ruse, Salovci, Selnica ob
Dravi, Semic, Sempeter-Vrtojba, Sencur, Sentilj, Sentjernej, Sentjur pri
Celju, Sevnica, Sezana, Skocjan, Skofja Loka, Skofljica, Slovenj
Gradec*, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Smarje pri Jelsah,
Smartno ob Paki, Smartno pri Litiji, Sodrazica, Solcava, Sostanj,
Starse, Store, Sveta Ana, Sveti Andraz v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti
Jurij, Tabor, Tisina, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trnovska Vas, Trzic,
Trzin, Turnisce, Velenje*, Velika Polana, Velike Lasce, Verzej, Videm,
Vipava, Vitanje, Vodice, Vojnik, Vransko, Vrhnika, Vuzenica, Zagorje ob
Savi, Zalec, Zavrc, Zelezniki, Zetale, Ziri, Zirovnica, Zuzemberk, Zrece
note:
the Government of Slovenia has reported 210
municipalities
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Independence:
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25 June 1991 (from
Yugoslavia)
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National holiday:
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Independence
Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)
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Constitution:
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adopted 23 December 1991,
amended 14 July 1997 and 25 July 2000
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Legal system:
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based on civil law
system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age, 16 if
employed; universal
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President
Danilo TURK (since 22 December 2007)
head of government:
Prime Minister Borut PAHOR (since 7 November 2008)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers nominated by the prime
minister and elected by the National Assembly
elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 21 October and
11 November 2007 (next to be held on 8 October 2012); following National
Assembly elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a
majority coalition usually nominated to become prime minister by the
president and elected by the National Assembly; election last held on 21
September 2008 (next National Assembly elections to be held in 8
October 2012)
election results:
Danilo TURK elected president; percent of vote -
Danilo TURK 68.2%, Alojze PETERLE 31.8%; Borut PAHOR elected prime
minister by National Assembly vote
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral Parliament
consists of a National Council or Drzavni Svet (40 seats; members
indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve five-year terms;
note - this is primarily an advisory body with limited legislative
powers; it may propose laws, ask to review any National Assembly
decision, and call national referenda) and the National Assembly or
Drzavni Zbor (90 seats; 40 members directly elected and 50 are elected
on a proportional basis; note - the number of directly elected and
proportionally elected seats varies with each election; the constitution
mandates 1 seat each for Slovenia's Hungarian and Italian minorities;
members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections:
National Assembly - last held on 21 September 2008
(next to be held on 8 October 2012)
election results:
percent of vote by party - SD 30.5%, SDS 29.3%,
ZARES 9.4%, DeSUS 7.5%, SNS 5.5%, SLS+SMS 5.2%, LDS 5.2%, other 7.4%;
seats by party - SD 29, SDS 28, ZARES 9, DeSUS 7, SNS 5, SLS+SMS 5, LDS
5, Hungarian minority 1, Italian minority 1
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court (judges are
elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the Judicial
Council); Constitutional Court (judges elected for nine-year terms by
the National Assembly and nominated by the president)
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Political parties and leaders:
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Democratic Party of
Pensioners of Slovenia or DeSUS [Karl ERJAVEC]; Liberal Democracy of
Slovenia or LDS [Katarina KRESAL]; New Slovenia or NSi [Ljudmila NOVAK
(acting)]; Slovene National Party or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC]; Slovene
People's Party or SLS [Radovan ZERJAV]; Slovene Youth Party or SMS
[Darko KRANJC]; Slovenian Democratic Party or SDS [Janez JANSA]; Social
Democrats or SD [Borut PAHOR] (formerly ZLSD); ZARES [Gregor GOLOBIC]
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Slovenian Roma
Association [Jozek Horvat MUC]
other:
Catholic Church
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International organization participation:
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Australia Group, BIS, CE,
CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD
(accession state), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen
Convention, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Roman KIRN
chancery:
2410 California Street N.W., Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
[1] (202) 386-6601
FAX:
[1] (202) 386-6633
consulate(s) general:
Cleveland, New York
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
(vacant); Charge d'Affaires Bradley FREDEN
embassy:
Presernova 31, 1000 Ljubljana
mailing address:
American Embassy Ljubljana, US Department of
State, 7140 Ljubljana Place, Washington, DC 20521-7140
telephone:
[386] (1) 200-5500
FAX:
[386] (1) 200-5555
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Flag description:
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three equal horizontal
bands of white (top), blue, and red, derive from the medieval coat of
arms of the Duchy of Carniola; the Slovenian seal (a shield with the
image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue
background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting
seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an
inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts
of Celje, the great Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early
15th centuries) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on
the white and blue bands
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Economy - overview:
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Slovenia became the first 2004
European Union entrant to adopt the euro (on 1 January 2007) and has
become a model of economic success and stability for the region. With
the highest per capita GDP in Central Europe, Slovenia has excellent
infrastructure, a well-educated work force, and a strategic location
between the Balkans and Western Europe. Privatization has lagged since
2002, and the economy has one of highest levels of state control in the
EU. Structural reforms to improve the business environment have allowed
for somewhat greater foreign participation in Slovenia's economy and
have helped to lower unemployment. In March 2004, Slovenia became the
first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor
partner at the World Bank. In December 2007, Slovenia was invited to
begin the accession process for joining the OECD. Despite its economic
success, foreign direct investment (FDI) in Slovenia has lagged behind
the region average, and taxes remain relatively high. Furthermore, the
labor market is often seen as inflexible, and legacy industries are
losing sales to more competitive firms in China, India, and elsewhere.
In 2009, the world recession caused the economy to contract - through
falling exports and industrial production - by more than 7%, and
unemployment to rise above 9%.
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$55.84 billion (2009
est.)
$60.24
billion (2008 est.)
$58.21
billion (2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$50.13 billion (2009
est.)
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GDP - real growth rate:
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-7.3% (2009 est.)
02
3.5%
(2008 est.)
6.8%
(2007 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$27,900 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
$30,000
(2008 est.)
$29,000
(2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 2.5%
industry:
30.9%
services:
66.6% (2009 est.)
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Labor force:
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945,000 (2009 est.)
44
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Labor force -
by occupation:
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agriculture: 2.2%
industry:
35%
services:
62.8% (2009)
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Unemployment rate:
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9.2% (2009 est.)
10
6.7%
(2008 est.)
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Population
below poverty line:
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12.3% (2008)
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 3.4%
highest 10%:
24.6% (2004)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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28.4 (2008)
20
23.8
(2004)
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Investment (gross fixed):
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24% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
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Budget:
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revenues: $20.06
billion
expenditures:
$22.8 billion (2009 est.)
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Public debt:
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31.8% of GDP (2009 est.)
22.5%
of GDP (2008 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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0.9% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 43
5.7%
(2008 est.)
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Central bank
discount rate:
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3% (31 December 2008)
5%
(31 December 2007)
note:
this is the European Central Bank's rate on the
marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the
euro area
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Commercial bank prime lending rate:
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7.41% (31 December 2008)
29
6.82%
(31 December 2007)
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Stock of money:
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$10.5 billion (30
September 2009)
country comparison to the world: 51
$9.347
billion (31 December 2006)
note:
the figure for 2006 represents the US dollar value
of tolars in circulation prior to Slovenia joining the Economic and
Monetary Union (EMU); see entry for the European Union for money supply
in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary
policy for the 16 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU);
individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money and
quasi money circulating within their own borders
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Stock of quasi money:
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$15.9 billion (30
September 2009)
$12.69
billion (31 December 2006)
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Stock of
domestic credit:
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$46.4 billion (31
December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 55
$45
billion (31 December 2008)
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Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$28.1 billion (31
December 2009)
$22.1
billion (31 December 2008)
$28.96
billion (31 December 2007)
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Agriculture - products:
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potatoes, hops, wheat,
sugar beets, corn, grapes; cattle, sheep, poultry
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Industries:
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ferrous metallurgy and
aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting; electronics (including
military electronics), trucks, automobiles, electric power equipment,
wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools
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Industrial production growth rate:
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-15.7% (2009 est.)
57
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Electricity -
production:
|
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13 billion kWh (2009
est.)
|
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Electricity -
consumption:
|
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14.7 billion kWh (2009
est.)
|
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Electricity - exports:
|
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7.82 billion kWh (2008
est.)
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Electricity - imports:
|
|
6.218 billion kWh (2008
est.)
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Oil - production:
|
|
0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
30
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Oil - consumption:
|
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56,000 bbl/day (2009
est.)
|
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Oil - exports:
|
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0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
84
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Oil - imports:
|
|
57,000 bbl/day (2009
est.)
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Oil - proved reserves:
|
|
0 bbl (1 January 2009
est.)
21
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Natural gas -
production:
|
|
0 cu m (2009 est.)
29
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|
|
Natural gas -
consumption:
|
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1.05 billion cu m (2009
est.)
|
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Natural gas - exports:
|
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0 cu m (2009 est.)
24
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|
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Natural gas - imports:
|
|
1.05 billion cu m (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 54
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Natural
gas - proved reserves:
|
|
0 cu m (1 January 2009
est.)
42
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Current account balance:
|
|
-$117 million (2009 est.)
-$3.267
billion (2008 est.)
|
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Exports:
|
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$22.58 billion (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 64
$29.61
billion (2008 est.)
|
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Exports - commodities:
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manufactured goods,
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food
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Exports - partners:
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Germany 18.2%, Italy
11.4%, Croatia 8.1%, Austria 7.3%, France 5.5%, Russia 4.7% (2008)
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Imports:
|
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$23.44 billion (2009
est.)
$33.49
billion (2008 est.)
|
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Imports - commodities:
|
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machinery and transport
equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, food
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Imports - partners:
|
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Germany 17%, Italy 16.4%,
Austria 11.1%, France 4.6%, Croatia 4.1% (2008)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|
|
$1.08 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
28
$956.5
million (31 December 2008 est.)
|
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|
Debt - external:
|
|
$55 billion (31 August
2009)
country comparison to the world: 47
$54.61
billion (31 December 2008)
|
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|
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|
|
$15.23 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
$15.3
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
|
|
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
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|
$8.711 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52
$7.878
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
|
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|
Exchange rates:
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|
euros (EUR) per US dollar
- 0.7338 (2009), 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007)
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| Communications
::Slovenia |
Telephones - main lines in use:
|
|
1.01 million (2008)
|
|
|
Telephones -
mobile cellular:
|
|
2.055 million (2008)
23
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|
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Telephone system:
|
|
general assessment: well-developed
telecommunications infrastructure
domestic:
combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular
teledensity roughly 150 telephones per 100 persons
international:
country code - 386
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|
Radio broadcast stations:
|
|
AM 10, FM 230, shortwave 0
(2006)
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|
Television
broadcast stations:
|
|
31 (2006)
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|
|
Internet country code:
|
|
.si
|
|
|
Internet hosts:
|
|
88,567 (2009)
|
|
|
Internet users:
|
|
1.126 million (2008)
|
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|
|
| Transportation
::Slovenia |
Airports:
|
|
16 (2009)
43
|
|
|
Airports - with paved runways:
|
|
total: 6
over 3,047 m:
1
2,438 to 3,047 m:
1
1,524 to 2,437 m:
1
914 to 1,523 m:
2
under 914 m:
1 (2009)
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|
|
Airports - with unpaved runways:
|
|
total: 10
1,524 to 2,437 m:
1
914 to 1,523 m:
4
under 914 m:
5 (2009)
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|
Pipelines:
|
|
gas 840 km; oil 11 km
(2009)
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|
|
Railways:
|
|
total: 1,228
km
standard gauge:
1,228 km 1.435-m gauge (503 km electrified) (2007)
|
|
|
Roadways:
|
|
total: 38,709
km
paved:
38,709 km (includes 579 km of expressways) (2007)
|
|
|
Waterways:
|
|
some transport on Drava
River (2008)
|
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
registered in other countries: 29
(Antigua and Barbuda 6, Bahamas 1, Cyprus 4, Liberia 3, Malta 4,
Marshall Islands 4, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5, Singapore 1,
Slovakia 1) (2008)
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Ports and terminals:
|
|
Koper
|
|
|
|
Military branches:
|
|
Slovenian Army (includes air and
naval forces)
|
|
|
Military service age and obligation:
|
|
17 years of age for
voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2003 (2007)
|
|
|
Manpower available for military service:
|
|
males age 16-49: 483,488
females age 16-49:
470,325 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Manpower fit for military service:
|
|
males age 16-49: 397,440
females age 16-49:
385,505 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
|
|
male: 9,979
female:
9,610 (2010 est.)
|
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|
Military expenditures:
|
|
1.7% of GDP (2005 est.)
|
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|
| Transnational Issues
::Slovenia |
Disputes - international:
|
|
the Croatia-Slovenia land and
maritime boundary agreement, which would have ceded most of Piran Bay
and maritime access to Slovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains
unratified and in dispute; Slovenia also protests Croatia's 2003 claim
to an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic; as a member state that
forms part of the EU's external border, Slovenia has implemented the
strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce
through southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties
with Croatia
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Illicit drugs:
|
|
minor transit point for
cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe, and for
precursor chemicals
|
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