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San Marino
| Introduction
::San Marino |
Background:
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The third smallest state in Europe
(after the Holy See and Monaco), San Marino also claims to be the
world's oldest republic. According to tradition, it was founded by a
Christian stonemason named Marinus in A.D. 301. San Marino's foreign
policy is aligned with that of Italy; social and political trends in the
republic also track closely with those of its larger neighbor.
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Location:
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Southern Europe, an enclave in
central Italy
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Geographic coordinates:
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43 46 N, 12 25 E
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Map references:
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Europe
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Area:
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total: 61
sq km
28
land:
61 sq km
water:
0 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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about one third times the
size of Washington, DC
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Land boundaries:
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total: 39
km
border countries:
Italy 39 km
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Coastline:
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0 km (landlocked)
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Maritime claims:
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none (landlocked)
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Climate:
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Current Weather
Mediterranean; mild to
cool winters; warm, sunny summers
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Terrain:
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rugged mountains
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Torrente
Ausa 55 m
highest point:
Monte Titano 755 m
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Natural resources:
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building stone
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Land use:
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arable land: 16.67%
permanent crops:
0%
other:
83.33% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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NA
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Natural hazards:
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NA
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Environment - current issues:
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NA
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
Air Pollution
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Geography - note:
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landlocked; smallest
independent state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco; dominated by
the Apennines
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Population:
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31,477 (July 2010 est.)
11
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 16.8%
(male 2,821/female 2,466)
15-64 years:
65.5% (male 9,985/female 10,635)
65 years and over:
17.7% (male 2,468/female 3,102) (2010 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 42.1
years
male:
41.3 years
female:
42.8 years (2010 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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1.106% (2010 est.)
15
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Birth rate:
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9.18 births/1,000
population (2010 est.)
07
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Death rate:
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7.75 deaths/1,000
population (July 2010 est.)
14
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Net migration rate:
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9.63 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 6
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Urbanization:
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urban population: 94%
of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization:
0.9% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.086
male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.14 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.8 male(s)/female
total population:
0.94 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 4.79
deaths/1,000 live births
91
male:
4.97 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
4.59 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 82.95
years
country comparison to the world: 3
male:
80.45 years
female:
85.68 years (2010 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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1.46 children born/woman
(2010 est.)
88
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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NA
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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NA
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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NA
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Nationality:
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noun: Sammarinese
(singular and plural)
adjective:
Sammarinese
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Ethnic groups:
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Sammarinese, Italian
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Religions:
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Roman Catholic
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Languages:
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Italian
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Literacy:
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definition: age
10 and over can read and write
total population:
96%
male:
97%
female:
95%
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Education expenditures:
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NA
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of San
Marino
conventional short form:
San Marino
local long form:
Repubblica di San Marino
local short form:
San Marino
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Government type:
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republic
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Capital:
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name: San
Marino
geographic coordinates:
43 56 N, 12 25 E
time difference:
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time:
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
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Administrative divisions:
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9 municipalities
(castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova,
Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, San Marino Citta,
Serravalle
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Independence:
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3 September 301
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National holiday:
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Founding of the Republic,
3 September (AD 301)
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Constitution:
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8 October 1600; electoral
law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution
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Legal system:
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based on civil law system
with Italian law influences; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age;
universal
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: Co-chiefs
of State Captain Regent Marco CONTI and Captain Regent Glauco SANSOVINI
(for the period 1 April-1 October 2010)
head of government:
Secretary of State for Foreign and Political
Affairs Antonella MULARONI (since 3 December 2008)
cabinet:
Congress of State elected by the Great and General
Council for a five-year term
elections:
co-chiefs of state (captains regent) elected by
the Great and General Council for a six-month term; election last held
in September 2009 (next to be held in March 2010); secretary of state
for foreign and political affairs elected by the Great and General
Council for a five-year term; election last held on 9 November 2008
(next to be held by 2013)
election results:
Francesco MUSSONI and Stefano PALMIERI elected
captains regent; percent of legislative vote - NA; Antonella MULARONI
elected secretary of state for foreign and political affairs; percent of
legislative vote - NA
note:
the popularly elected parliament (Grand and
General Council) selects two of its members to serve as the Captains
Regent (co-chiefs of state) for a six-month period; they preside over
meetings of the Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of
State), which has 10 other members, all are selected by the Grand and
General Council; assisting the captains regent are 10 secretaries of
state; the secretary of state for Foreign Affairs has assumed some prime
ministerial roles
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral Grand and
General Council or Consiglio Grande e Generale (60 seats; members
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections:
last held on 9 November 2008 (next to be held by
June 2013)
election results:
percent of vote by party - Pact for San Marino
coalition 54.2%: PDCS 31.9%, AP 11.5%, Freedom List 6.3%, San Marino
Union of Moderates 4.2%; Reforms and Freedom coalition 45.8%: Party of
Socialists and Democrats 32%, United Left 8.6%, Democrats of the Center
4.9%; seats by party - Pact for San Marino coalition 35: PDCS 22, AP 7,
the Freedom List 4, San Marino Union of Moderates 2; Reforms and Freedom
coalition 25: Party of Socialists and Democrats 18, United Left 5,
Democrats of the Center 2
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Judicial branch:
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Council of Twelve or
Consiglio dei XII
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Political parties and leaders:
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Christian Democrats or
PDCS [Pasquale VALENTINI]; Communist Refoundation or RC [Ivan FOSHI];
Democrats of the Center or DdC [Giovanni LONGERNINI]; Freedom List
(including NPS and We Sammarinesi) or NS [Gabriele GATTEI]; New
Socialist Party or NPS [Augusto CASALI]; Party of Socialists and
Democrats or PDS [Paride ANDREOLI]; Popular Alliance or AP [Carlo
FRANCIOSI]; Union of Moderates (including National Alliance or ANS
[Glcuco SANSOVINI] and San Marino Populars or pop [Romeo MORRI and
Angela VENTURINI]; United Left of SU [Alessandro ROSSI]
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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NA
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International organization participation:
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CE, FAO, IBRD, ICAO,
ICCt, ICRM, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU,
ITU, ITUC, OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Paolo RONDELLI
chancery:
888 27th Street NW, Suite 900, Washington, DC
20006
telephone:
202-337-2260
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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the US does not have an
embassy in San Marino; the ambassador to Italy is accredited to San
Marino
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Flag description:
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two equal horizontal
bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms
superimposed in the center; the main colors derive from the shield of
the coat of arms, which features three white towers on three peaks on a
blue field; the towers represent three castles built on San Marino's
highest feature Mount Titano: Guaita, Cesta, and Montale; the coat of
arms is flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing
the word LIBERTAS (Liberty); the white and blue colors are also said to
stand for peace and liberty respectively
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Economy - overview:
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San Marino's economy relies heavily
on its tourism and banking industries, as well as on the manufacture
and export of ceramics, clothing, fabrics, furniture, paints, spirits,
tiles, and wine. The per capita level of output and standard of living
are comparable to those of the most prosperous regions of Italy, which
supplies much of its food. San Marino boasts the world's longest life
expectancy for men with 80 years. The economy benefits from foreign
investment due to its relatively low corporate taxes and low taxes on
interest earnings. San Marino has recently faced increased international
pressure to improve cooperation with foreign tax authorities and
transparency within its own banking sector, which generates about
one-fifth of the country's tax revenues. Italy's implementation in
October 2009 of a tax amnesty to repatriate untaxed funds held abroad
has resulted in financial outflows from San Marino to Italy worth more
than $4.5 billion. Such outflows, combined with a money-laundering
scandal at San Marino's largest financial institution and the recent
global economic downturn, have contributed to a deep recession and
growing budget deficit. However, San Marino has no national debt, and an
unemployment rate half the size of Italy's. The San Marino government
has adopted measures to counter the downturn, including subsidized
credit to businesses. San Marino also continues to work towards
harmonizing its fiscal laws with EU members and international standards.
In September 2009, the OECD removed San Marino from its list of tax
havens that have yet to fully implement global tax standards.
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$1.662 billion (2007)
88
$850
million (2004 est.)
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$1.048 billion (2004)
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GDP - real growth rate:
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4.3% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 37
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$41,900 (2007)
8
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 0.1%
industry:
46.5%
services:
53.4% (2007)
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Labor force:
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22,660 (2008)
07
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Labor force -
by occupation:
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agriculture: 0.1%
industry:
37.7%
services:
62.2% (2008 est.)
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Unemployment rate:
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3.1% (2008)
6
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Population
below poverty line:
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NA%
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%:
NA%
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Budget:
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revenues: $690.6
million
expenditures:
$652.9 million (2006)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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-3.5% (2008)
country comparison to the world: 3
-1.5%
(2006)
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Commercial bank prime lending rate:
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NA% (31 December 2008)
21
7.58%
(31 December 2007)
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Stock of money:
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$NA (31 December 2008)
$1.326
billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of quasi money:
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$NA (31 December 2008)
$4.584
billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of
domestic credit:
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$NA (31 December 2008)
$7.511
billion (31 December 2007)
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Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$NA
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Agriculture - products:
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wheat, grapes, corn,
olives; cattle, pigs, horses, beef, cheese, hides
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Industries:
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tourism, banking,
textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement, wine
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Industrial production growth rate:
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3.1% (2007)
country comparison to the world: 42
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Exports:
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$4.628 billion (2007)
04
$1.291
billion (2004)
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Exports - commodities:
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building stone, lime,
wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, ceramics
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Imports:
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$3.744 billion (2007)
27
$2.035
billion (2004)
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Imports - commodities:
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wide variety of consumer
manufactures, food
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Debt - external:
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$NA
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Exchange rates:
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euros (EUR) per US dollar
- 0.7338 (2009), 0.6734 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041
(2005)
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| Communications
::San Marino |
Telephones - main lines in use:
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21,300 (2008)
93
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Telephones -
mobile cellular:
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17,700 (2008)
09
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: automatic
telephone system completely integrated into Italian system
domestic:
combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular
teledensity 130 telephones per 100 persons
international:
country code - 378; connected to Italian
international network (2008)
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 0, FM 2, shortwave 0
(2008)
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Television
broadcast stations:
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1 (San Marino residents
also receive broadcasts from Italy) (1997)
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Internet country code:
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.sm
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Internet hosts:
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6,734 (2009)
32
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Internet users:
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17,000 (2008)
92
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| Transportation
::San Marino |
Roadways:
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total: 292 km
04
paved:
292 km (2006)
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Military branches:
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no regular military forces;
Voluntary Military Force (Corpi Militari Voluntar) performs ceremonial
duties and limited police support functions (2008)
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Military service age and obligation:
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16-55 for voluntary
service in Voluntary Military Force (2006)
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Manpower available for military service:
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males age 16-49: 6,893
(2010 est.)
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Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 16-49: 5,564
females age 16-49:
6,068 (2010 est.)
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
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male: 176
female:
164 (2010 est.)
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Military expenditures:
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NA
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Military - note:
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defense is the
responsibility of Italy
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| Transnational Issues
::San Marino |
Disputes - international:
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none
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