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Portugal
Background:
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Following its heyday as a global
maritime power during the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal lost much of
its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755
earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence
of its wealthiest colony of Brazil in 1822. A 1910 revolution deposed
the monarchy; for most of the next six decades, repressive governments
ran the country. In 1974, a left-wing military coup installed broad
democratic reforms. The following year, Portugal granted independence to
all of its African colonies. Portugal is a founding member of NATO and
entered the EC (now the EU) in 1986.
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Location:
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Southwestern Europe, bordering the
North Atlantic Ocean, west of Spain
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Geographic coordinates:
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39 30 N, 8 00 W
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Map references:
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Europe
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Area:
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total: 92,090
sq km
10
land:
91,470 sq km
water:
620 sq km
note:
includes Azores and Madeira Islands
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than
Indiana
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Land boundaries:
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total: 1,214
km
border countries:
Spain 1,214 km
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Coastline:
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1,793 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12
nm
contiguous zone:
24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
continental shelf:
200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
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Climate:
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Current Weather
maritime temperate; cool
and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
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Terrain:
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mountainous north of the
Tagus River, rolling plains in south
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Atlantic
Ocean 0 m
highest point:
Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico
in the Azores 2,351 m
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Natural resources:
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fish, forests (cork),
iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble,
clay, gypsum, salt, arable land, hydropower
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Land use:
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arable land: 17.29%
permanent crops:
7.84%
other:
74.87% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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6,500 sq km (2003)
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Total
renewable water resources:
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73.6 cu km (2005)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 11.09
cu km/yr (10%/12%/78%)
per capita:
1,056 cu m/yr (1998)
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Natural hazards:
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Azores subject to severe
earthquakes
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Environment - current issues:
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soil erosion; air
pollution caused by industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution,
especially in coastal areas
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Air
Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental Modification
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Geography - note:
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Azores and Madeira
Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea approaches to
Strait of Gibraltar
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Population:
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10,735,765 (July 2010 est.)
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 16.3%
(male 911,841/female 835,481)
15-64 years:
66% (male 3,533,406/female 3,549,110)
65 years and over:
17.8% (male 781,406/female 1,124,521) (2010 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 39.7
years
male:
37.6 years
female:
41.9 years (2010 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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0.244% (2010 est.)
7
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Birth rate:
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10.12 births/1,000
population (2010 est.)
91
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Death rate:
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10.74 deaths/1,000
population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45
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Net migration rate:
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3.06 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2010 est.)
4
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Urbanization:
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urban population: 59%
of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization:
1.4% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.067
male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.09 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.7 male(s)/female
total population:
0.95 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 4.72
deaths/1,000 live births
94
male:
5.17 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
4.23 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 78.38
years
country comparison to the world: 48
male:
75.12 years
female:
81.86 years (2010 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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1.5 children born/woman
(2010 est.)
87
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.5% (2007 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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34,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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fewer than 500 (2007
est.)
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Nationality:
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noun: Portuguese
(singular and plural)
adjective:
Portuguese
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Ethnic groups:
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homogeneous Mediterranean
stock; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland
during decolonization number less than 100,000; since 1990 East
Europeans have entered Portugal
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Religions:
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Roman Catholic 84.5%,
other Christian 2.2%, other 0.3%, unknown 9%, none 3.9% (2001 census)
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Languages:
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Portuguese (official),
Mirandese (official - but locally used)
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Literacy:
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definition: age
15 and over can read and write
total population:
93.3%
male:
95.5%
female:
91.3% (2003 est.)
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
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total: 15
years
male:
15 years
female:
16 years (2006)
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Education expenditures:
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4.4% of GDP (2008)
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Portuguese Republic
conventional short form:
Portugal
local long form:
Republica Portuguesa
local short form:
Portugal
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Government type:
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republic; parliamentary
democracy
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Capital:
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name: Lisbon
geographic coordinates:
38 43 N, 9 08 W
time difference:
UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time:
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
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Administrative divisions:
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18 districts (distritos,
singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas,
singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga,
Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa
(Lisbon), Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do
Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu
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Independence:
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1143 (Kingdom of Portugal
recognized); 5 October 1910 (republic proclaimed)
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National holiday:
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Portugal Day (Dia de
Portugal), 10 June (1580); note - also called Camoes Day, the day that
revered national poet Luis de Camoes (1524-80) died
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Constitution:
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adopted 2 April 1976;
subsequently revised
note:
the revisions placed the military under strict
civilian control, trimmed the powers of the president, and laid the
groundwork for a stable, pluralistic liberal democracy; they allowed for
the privatization of nationalized firms and government-owned
communications media
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Legal system:
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based on civil law
system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality of
legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age;
universal
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President
Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 9 March 2006)
head of government:
Prime Minister Jose SOCRATES Carvalho Pinto de
Sousa (since 12 March 2005)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president on
the recommendation of the prime minister
note:
there is also a Council of State that acts as a
consultative body to the president
elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 January 2006
(next to be held in January 2011); following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition usually
appointed prime minister by the president
election results:
Anibal CAVACO SILVA elected president; percent of
vote - Anibal CAVACO SILVA 50.6%, Manuel ALEGRE 20.7%, Mario Alberto
Nobre Lopes SOARES 14.3%, Jeronimo DE SOUSA 8.5%, Franciso LOUCA 5.3%
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral Assembly of
the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (230 seats; members elected by
popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections:
last held on 27 September 2009 (next to be held in
fall 2013)
election results:
percent of vote by party - PS 42%, PSD 35%, CDS/PP
9%, BE 7%, CDU 7%; seats by party - PS 97, PSD 81, CDS/PP 21, BE 16,
CDU 15
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court (Supremo
Tribunal de Justica); judges appointed for life by the Conselho Superior
da Magistratura
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Political parties and leaders:
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Democratic and Social
Center/Popular Party or CDS/PP [Paulo PORTAS]; Portuguese Socialist
Party or PS [Jose SOCRATES Carvalho Pinto de Sousa]; Social Democratic
Party or PSD [Manuela FERREIRA LEITE]; The Left Bloc or BE [Franciso
Anacleto LOUCA]; Unitarian Democratic Coalition or CDU [Jeronimo DE
SOUSA] (includes Portuguese Communist Party or PCP and Ecologist Party
("The Greens") or PEV)
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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the media; labor unions
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International organization participation:
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ADB (nonregional member),
AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CERN, CPLP,
EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), MIGA,
NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club
(associate), PCA, Schengen Convention, SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMIT, UNWTO, UPU, WCO,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Joao DE VALLERA
chancery:
2012 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:
[1] (202) 328-8610
FAX:
[1] (202) 462-3726
consulate(s) general:
Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), San
Francisco
consulate(s):
New Bedford (Massachusetts), Providence (Rhode
Island)
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador-designate
Allan J. KATZ
embassy:
Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600-081 Lisbon
mailing address:
Apartado 43033, 1601-301 Lisboa; PSC 83, APO AE
09726
telephone:
[351] (21) 727-3300
FAX:
[351] (21) 726-9109
consulate(s):
Ponta Delgada (Azores)
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Flag description:
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two vertical bands of
green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the national
coat of arms (armillary sphere and Portuguese shield) centered on the
dividing line; explanations for the color meanings are ambiguous, but a
popular interpretation has green symbolizing hope and red the blood of
those defending the nation
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Economy - overview:
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Portugal has become a diversified
and increasingly service-based economy since joining the European
Community in 1986. Over the past two decades, successive governments
have privatized many state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of
the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors.
The country qualified for the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1998 and
began circulating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU
member economies. Economic growth had been above the EU average for much
of the 1990s, but fell back in 2001-08, and shrank 2.8% in 2009. GDP
per capita stands at roughly two-thirds of the EU-27 average. A poor
educational system, in particular, has been an obstacle to greater
productivity and growth. Portugal has been increasingly overshadowed by
lower-cost producers in Central Europe and Asia as a target for foreign
direct investment. The budget deficit surged to an all-time high of 6%
of GDP in 2005, but the government reduced the deficit to 2.6% in 2007 -
a year ahead of Portugal's targeted schedule. Portugal's financial
sector has been relatively insulated from the global financial crisis
and the government has not spent much on shoring up banks. Nonetheless,
the government faces tough choices in its attempts to stimulate the
economy, while trying to keep the budget deficit within the euro-zone
3%-of-GDP ceiling. In 2009, the deficit reached 6.7% of GDP.
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$233.4 billion (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
$240.1
billion (2008 est.)
$240.1
billion (2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$222.4 billion (2009
est.)
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GDP - real growth rate:
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-2.8% (2009 est.)
59
0%
(2008 est.)
1.9%
(2007 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$21,800 (2009 est.)
$22,500
(2008 est.)
$22,600
(2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 2.7%
industry:
23%
services:
74.3% (2009 est.)
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Labor force:
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5.583 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
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Labor force -
by occupation:
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agriculture: 10%
industry:
30%
services:
60% (2007 est.)
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Unemployment rate:
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9.5% (2009 est.)
15
7.6%
(2008 est.)
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Population
below poverty line:
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18% (2006)
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%:
28.4% (1995 est.)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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38.5 (2007)
35.6
(1995)
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Investment (gross fixed):
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19.1% of GDP (2009 est.)
03
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Budget:
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revenues: $94.87
billion
expenditures:
$116.4 billion (2009 est.)
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Public debt:
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76.9% of GDP (2009 est.)
66.3%
of GDP (2008 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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-0.8% (2009 est.)
2
2.6%
(2008 est.)
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Central bank
discount rate:
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3% (31 December 2008)
5%
(31 December 2007)
note:
this is the European Central Bank's rate on the
marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the
euro area
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Commercial bank prime lending rate:
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8.35% (31 December 2008)
16
7.92%
(31 December 2007)
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Stock of money:
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$NA
note:
see entry for the European Union for money supply
in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary
policy for the 16 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU);
individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money and
quasi money circulating within their own borders
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Stock of quasi money:
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$NA
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Stock of
domestic credit:
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$491 billion (31 December
2008)
1
$412.7
billion (31 December 2007)
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Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$NA (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 45
$68.71
billion (31 December 2008)
$132.3
billion (31 December 2007)
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Agriculture - products:
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grain, potatoes,
tomatoes, olives, grapes; sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, poultry, dairy
products; fish
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Industries:
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textiles, clothing,
footwear, wood and cork, paper, chemicals, auto-parts manufacturing,
base metals, diary products, wine and other foods, porcelain and
ceramics, glassware, technology, telecommunications; ship construction
and refurbishment; tourism
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Industrial production growth rate:
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-7.7% (2009 est.)
31
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Electricity -
production:
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44.47 billion kWh (2007
est.)
country comparison to the world: 53
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Electricity -
consumption:
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48.78 billion kWh (2007
est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
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Electricity - exports:
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1.313 billion kWh (2008
est.)
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Electricity - imports:
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10.74 billion kWh (2008
est.)
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Oil - production:
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7,861 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - consumption:
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291,700 bbl/day (2008
est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
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Oil - exports:
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53,260 bbl/day (2008
est.)
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Oil - imports:
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351,100 bbl/day (2008
est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
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Oil - proved reserves:
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0 bbl
35
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Natural gas -
production:
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
42
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Natural gas -
consumption:
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4.754 billion cu m (2008
est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
41
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Natural gas - imports:
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4.763 billion cu m (2008
est.)
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Natural
gas - proved reserves:
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0 cu m (1 January 2009
est.)
39
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Current account balance:
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-$23.38 billion (2009
est.)
80
-$29.3
billion (2008 est.)
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Exports:
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$43.71 billion (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
$56.42
billion (2008 est.)
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Exports - commodities:
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agricultural products,
food products, oil products, chemical products, plastics and rubber,
skins and leather, wood and cork, wood pulp and paper, textile
materials, clothing, footwear, minerals and mineral products, base
metals, machinery and tools, vehicles and other transport material, and
optical and precision instruments
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Exports - partners:
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Spain 25.6%, Germany
12.6%, France 11.1%, Angola 5.9%, UK 5.3% (2008)
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Imports:
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$67.64 billion (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 35
$87.76
billion (2008 est.)
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Imports - commodities:
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agricultural products,
food products, oil products, chemical products, plastics and rubber,
skins and leather, wood and cork, wood pulp and paper, textile
materials, clothing, footwear, minerals and mineral products, base
metals, machinery and tools, vehicles and other transport material, and
optical and precision instruments, computer accessories and parts,
semi-conductors and related devices, household goods, passenger cars new
and used, and wine products
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Imports - partners:
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Spain 28.9%, Germany
11.6%, France 8%, Italy 4.9%, Netherlands 4.4% (2008)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|
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$16.03 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
$11.95
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
|
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Debt - external:
|
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$507 billion (30 June
2009)
9
$484.7
billion (31 December 2008)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|
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$102.6 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
$99.82
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|
|
$63.64 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
7
$63.64
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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Exchange rates:
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euros (EUR) per US dollar
- 0.7338 (2009), 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041
(2005)
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| Communications
::Portugal |
Telephones - main lines in use:
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4.121 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 37
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Telephones -
mobile cellular:
|
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14.91 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 44
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Telephone system:
|
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general assessment: Portugal's
telephone system has a state-of-the-art network with broadband,
high-speed capabilities
domestic:
integrated network of coaxial cables, open-wire,
microwave radio relay, and domestic satellite earth stations
international:
country code - 351; a combination of submarine
cables provide connectivity to Europe, North and East Africa, South
Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the US; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat;
tropospheric scatter to Azores (2008)
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Radio broadcast stations:
|
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AM 2, FM 63, shortwave 1
(2008)
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Television
broadcast stations:
|
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42 (2008)
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Internet country code:
|
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.pt
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Internet hosts:
|
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1.967 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 33
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Internet users:
|
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4.476 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 45
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| Transportation
::Portugal |
Airports:
|
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65 (2009)
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Airports - with paved runways:
|
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total: 43
over 3,047 m:
5
2,438 to 3,047 m:
9
1,524 to 2,437 m:
5
914 to 1,523 m:
13
under 914 m:
11 (2009)
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
|
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total: 22
914 to 1,523 m:
1
under 914 m:
21 (2009)
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Pipelines:
|
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gas 1,098 km; oil 11 km;
refined products 188 km (2009)
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Railways:
|
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total: 2,786
km
country comparison to the world: 59
broad gauge:
2,603 km 1.668-m gauge (1,351 km electrified)
narrow gauge:
183 km 1.000-m gauge (2008)
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Roadways:
|
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total: 82,900
km
paved:
71,294 km (includes 2,300 km of expressways)
unpaved:
11,606 km (2005)
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Waterways:
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210 km (on Douro River
from Porto) (2008)
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Merchant marine:
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total: 117
country comparison to the world: 48
by type:
bulk carrier 10, cargo 36, carrier 1, chemical
tanker 15, container 6, liquefied gas 9, passenger 10, passenger/cargo
9, petroleum tanker 4, roll on/roll off 1, specialized tanker 1, vehicle
carrier 15
foreign-owned:
84 (Bahamas 1, Belgium 8, Denmark 3, Germany 20,
Greece 4, Hong Kong 2, Italy 12, Japan 15, Mexico 1, Netherlands 1,
Spain 11, Sweden 3, Switzerland 2, US 1)
registered in other countries:
15 (Cyprus 1, Hong Kong 1, Italy 1, Malta 3,
Panama 9) (2008)
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Ports and terminals:
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Leixoes, Lisbon, Setubal,
Sines
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Military branches:
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Portuguese Army (Exercito
Portuguesa), Portuguese Navy (Marinha Portuguesa; includes Marine
Corps), Portuguese Air Force (Forca Aerea Portuguesa, FAP) (2010)
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Military service age and obligation:
|
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18 years of age for
voluntary military service; compulsory military service ended in 2004;
women serve in the armed forces, on naval ships since 1993, but are
prohibited from serving in some combatant specialties; reserve
obligation to age 35 (2007)
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Manpower available for military service:
|
|
males age 16-49: 2,572,007
females age 16-49:
2,474,719 (2010 est.)
|
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|
Manpower fit for military service:
|
|
males age 16-49: 2,104,945
females age 16-49:
2,034,912 (2010 est.)
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
|
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male: 62,628
female:
55,737 (2010 est.)
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Military expenditures:
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|
2.3% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
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| Transnational Issues
::Portugal |
Disputes - international:
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|
Portugal does not recognize Spanish
sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based on a difference of
interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of
Badajoz
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Illicit drugs:
|
|
seizing record amounts of
Latin American cocaine destined for Europe; a European gateway for
Southwest Asian heroin; transshipment point for hashish from North
Africa to Europe; consumer of Southwest Asian heroin
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