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Montenegro
| Introduction
::Montenegro |
Background:
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The use of the name Montenegro
began in the 15th century when the Crnojevic dynasty began to rule the
Serbian principality of Zeta; over subsequent centuries Montenegro was
able to maintain its independence from the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th
to 19th centuries, Montenegro became a theocracy ruled by a series of
bishop princes; in 1852, it was transformed into a secular principality.
After World War I, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs,
Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929; at
the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in
1992, Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser union of Serbia and Montenegro.
In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional
Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence
from the state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia exceeded
55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally
declare its independence on 3 June 2006.
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Location:
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Southeastern Europe, between the
Adriatic Sea and Serbia
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Geographic coordinates:
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42 30 N, 19 18 E
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Map references:
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Europe
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Area:
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total: 13,812
sq km
61
land:
13,452 sq km
water:
360 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than
Connecticut
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Land boundaries:
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total: 625
km
border countries:
Albania 172 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 225 km,
Croatia 25 km, Kosovo 79 km, Serbia 124 km
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Coastline:
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293.5 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12
nm
continental shelf:
defined by treaty
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Climate:
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Current Weather
Mediterranean climate,
hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy
snowfalls inland
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Terrain:
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highly indented coastline
with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and
plateaus
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Adriatic
Sea 0 m
highest point:
Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m
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Natural resources:
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bauxite, hydroelectricity
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Land use:
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arable land: 13.7%
permanent crops:
1%
other:
85.3%
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Irrigated land:
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NA
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Natural hazards:
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destructive earthquakes
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Environment - current issues:
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pollution of coastal
waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as
Kotor
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Air
Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note:
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strategic location along
the Adriatic coast
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Population:
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666,730 (July 2010 est.)
65
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 15.8%
(male 51,230/female 53,795)
15-64 years:
70.7% (male 244,708/female 226,797)
65 years and over:
13.5% (male 36,172/female 54,028) (2010 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 37.2
years
male:
35.9 years
female:
38.8 years (2010 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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-0.777% (2010 est.)
30
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Birth rate:
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11.09 births/1,000
population (2010 est.)
4
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Death rate:
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8.76 deaths/1,000
population (July 2010 est.)
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Urbanization:
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urban population: 60%
of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization:
-0.8% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.074
male(s)/female
under 15 years:
0.95 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1.08 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.67 male(s)/female
total population:
0.99 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
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Major
infectious diseases:
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degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases:
bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease:
Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (2009)
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Nationality:
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noun: Montenegrin(s)
adjective:
Montenegrin
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Ethnic groups:
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Montenegrin 43%, Serbian
32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other (Muslims, Croats, Roma (Gypsy)) 12%
(2003 census)
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Religions:
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Orthodox 74.2%, Muslim
17.7%, Catholic 3.5%, other 0.6%, unspecified 3%, atheist 1% (2003
census)
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Languages:
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Serbian 63.6%,
Montenegrin (official) 22%, Bosnian 5.5%, Albanian 5.3%, unspecified
3.7% (2003 census)
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Education expenditures:
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NA
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Country name:
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conventional long form: none
conventional short form:
Montenegro
local long form:
none
local short form:
Crna Gora
former:
People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist
Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro
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Government type:
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republic
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Capital:
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name: Podgorica
geographic coordinates:
42 26 N, 19 16 E
time difference:
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time:
+1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
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Administrative divisions:
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21 municipalities
(opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje,
Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac,
Niksic, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat,
Ulcinj, Zabljak
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Independence:
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3 June 2006 (from Serbia
and Montenegro)
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National holiday:
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National Day, 13 July
(1878)
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Constitution:
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approved 19 October 2007
(by the Assembly)
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Legal system:
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based on civil law
system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age;
universal
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President
Filip VUJANOVIC (since 6 April 2008)
head of government:
Prime Minister Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 29 February
2008)
cabinet:
Ministries act as cabinet
elections:
president elected by direct vote for five-year
term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 6 April 2008
(next to be held in 2013); prime minister proposed by president,
accepted by Assembly
election results:
Filip VUJANOVIC reelected president; Filip
VUJANOVIC 51.9%, Andrija MANDIC 19.6%, Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC 16.6%, Srdan
MILIC 11.9%
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral Assembly (81
seats; members elected by direct vote to serve four-year terms; note -
seats increased from 74 seats in 2006)
elections:
last held on 29 March 2009 (next to be held in
2013)
election results:
percent of vote by party - Coalition for European
Montenegro 51.94%, SNP 16.83%, NSD 9.22%, PZP 6.03%, other (including
Albanian minority parties) 15.98%; seats by party - Coalition for
European Montenegro 48, SNP 16, NSD 8, PZP 5, Albanian minority parties 4
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Judicial branch:
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Constitutional Court
(five judges serve nine-year terms); Supreme Court (judges have life
tenure)
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Political parties and leaders:
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Albanian Alternative or
AA [Vesel SINISHTAJ]; Coalition for European Montenegro (bloc) [Milo
DJUKANOVIC] (includes Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo
DJUKANOVIC], Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC], Bosniak
Party of BS [Rafet HUSOVIC], and Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI
[Marija VUCINOVIC); Coalition SNP-NS-DSS (bloc) (includes Socialist
People's Party or SNP [Srdjan MILIC], People's Party of Montenegro or NS
[Predrag POPOVIC], and Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS
[Ranko KADIC]); Democratic League-Party of Democratic Prosperity or SPP
[Mehmet BARDHIJ]; Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Ferhat DINOSA];
For a Different Montenegro (bloc) [Goran BATRICEVIC] (includes
Democratic Center or DC [Goran BATRICEVIC] and Liberal Party of
Montenegro or LP [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]); FORCA [Nazif CUNGU]; Movement for
Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]; National Coalition (includes
People's Party of Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC] and Democratic
Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Ranko KADIC]); New Serb Democracy or
NOVA [Andrija MANDIC]; Socialist People's Party of Montenegro or SNP
[Srdjan MILIC]
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International organization participation:
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CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM
(observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SECI, UN, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL,
UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Miodrag VLAHOVIC
chancery:
1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC,
20009
telephone:
[1] (202) 234-6108
FAX:
[1] (202) 234-6109
consulate(s) general:
New York
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Roderick W. MOORE
embassy:
Ljubljanska bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
mailing address:
use embassy street address
telephone:
[382] 81 225 417
FAX:
[382] 81 241 358
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Flag description:
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a red field bordered by a
narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered
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Economy - overview:
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Montenegro severed its economy from
federal control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and maintained
its own central bank, adopted the Deutchmark, then the euro - rather
than the Yugoslav dinar - as official currency, collected customs
tariffs, and managed its own budget. The dissolution of the loose
political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate
membership in several international financial institutions, such as the
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. On 18 January 2007,
Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF. Montenegro is pursuing its own
membership in the World Trade Organization and signed a Stabilization
and Association agreement with the European Union in October 2007. On
December 15, 2008, Montenegro submitted an EU membership application.
Unemployment and regional disparities in development are key political
and economic problems. Montenegro has privatized its large aluminum
complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial
sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the
tourism sector. The global financial crisis has had a significant
negative impact on the economy, due to the ongoing credit crunch, a
decline in the real estate sector, and a fall in aluminum exports.
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$6.708 billion (2009
est.)
52
$6.988
billion (2008 est.)
$6.5
billion (2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$4.496 billion (2009
est.)
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GDP - real growth rate:
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-4% (2009 est.)
8
7.5%
(2008 est.)
10.7%
(2007 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$9,800 (2009 est.)
08
$10,300
(2008 est.)
$9,500
(2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: NA%
industry:
NA%
services:
NA%
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Labor force:
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259,100 (2004)
67
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Labor force -
by occupation:
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agriculture: 2%
industry:
30%
services:
68% (2004 est.)
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Unemployment rate:
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14.7% (2007 est.)
46
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Population
below poverty line:
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7% (2007 est.)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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30 (2003)
13
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Investment (gross fixed):
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30.5% of GDP (2006 est.)
3
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Budget:
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revenues: $NA
expenditures:
$NA
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Public debt:
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38% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 68
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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3.4% (2007)
10
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Commercial bank prime lending rate:
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9.24% (31 December 2008)
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9.09%
(31 December 2007)
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Stock of money:
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$816.8 million (31
December 2008)
18
$1.172
billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of quasi money:
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$1.406 billion (31
December 2008)
12
$1.446
billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of
domestic credit:
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$NA (31 December 2008)
$3.083
billion (31 December 2007)
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Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$NA (31 December 2009)
$2.863
billion (31 December 2008)
$3.699
billion (31 December 2007)
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Agriculture - products:
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tobacco, potatoes, citrus
fruits, olives, grapes; sheep
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Industries:
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steelmaking, aluminum,
agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism
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Electricity -
production:
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2.864 billion kWh (2005
est.)
26
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Electricity -
consumption:
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18.6 million kWh (2005)
07
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2005)
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Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2005)
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Oil - production:
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0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
44
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Oil - consumption:
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NA bbl/day
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Oil - exports:
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314 bbl/day (2005)
30
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Oil - imports:
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6,093 bbl/day (2005)
53
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Oil - proved reserves:
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0 bbl (1 January 2009
est.)
57
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Natural gas -
consumption:
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NA cu m
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Current account balance:
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-$1.102 billion (2007
est.)
30
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Exports:
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$171.3 million (2003)
82
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Imports:
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$601.7 million (2003)
84
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$NA
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Debt - external:
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$650 million (2006)
54
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Exchange rates:
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euros (EUR) per US dollar
- 0.7338 (2009), 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041
(2005)
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| Communications
::Montenegro |
Telephones - main lines in use:
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362,000 (2008)
05
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Telephones -
mobile cellular:
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735,000 (2008)
47
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: modern
telecommunications system with access to European satellites
domestic:
GSM mobile-cellular service, available through
multiple providers with national coverage, is growing
international:
country code - 382; 2 international switches
connect the national system
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Radio broadcast stations:
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31 (station frequency
types NA) (2004)
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Television
broadcast stations:
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13 (2004)
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Internet country code:
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.me
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Internet hosts:
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3,245 (2009)
41
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Internet users:
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294,000 (2008)
28
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| Transportation
::Montenegro |
Airports:
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5 (2009)
83
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m:
2
1,524 to 2,437 m:
1 (2009)
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 2
914 to 1,523 m:
1
under 914 m:
1 (2009)
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Heliports:
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1 (2007)
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Railways:
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total: 250
km
26
standard gauge:
250 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified 169 km) (2007)
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Roadways:
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total: 7,368
km
46
paved:
4,742 km
unpaved:
2,626 km (2006)
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Merchant marine:
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total: 6
29
by type:
cargo 5, passenger/cargo 1
registered in other countries:
3 (Bahamas 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1)
(2008)
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Ports and terminals:
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Bar
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Military branches:
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Armed Forces of the Republic of
Montenegro: Army, Navy, Air Force (2009)
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Military service age and obligation:
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compulsory national
military service abolished August 2006
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Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 16-49: 151,798
females age 16-49:
134,267 (2010 est.)
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
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male: 3,407
female:
3,741 (2010 est.)
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| Transnational Issues
::Montenegro |
Disputes - international:
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none
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Refugees and internally displaced persons:
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(country of origin): 7,000
(Kosovo); note - mostly ethnic Serbs and Roma who fled Kosovo in 1999
IDPs:
16,192 (ethnic conflict in 1999 and riots in 2004)
(2007)
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Trafficking in persons:
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current situation: Montenegro
is primarily a transit country for the trafficking of women and girls
to Western Europe for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation;
women and girls from the Balkans and Eastern Europe are trafficked
across Montenegro to Western European countries
tier rating:
Tier 2 Watch List - Montenegro is on the Tier 2
Watch List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to
combat trafficking in persons in 2007; public attention to the issue of
trafficking has diminished considerably in Montenegro in recent years
(2008)
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