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Finland
Background:
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Finland was a province and then a
grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an
autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It won its complete
independence in 1917. During World War II, it was able to successfully
defend its freedom and resist invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit
with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, the Finns
made a remarkable transformation from a farm/forest economy to a
diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is now among
the highest in Western Europe. A member of the European Union since
1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro system at its
initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of
Finland's modern welfare state are a high standard of education,
equality promotion, and national social security system; currently
challenged by an aging population and the fluctuations of an
export-driven economy.
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Location:
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Northern Europe, bordering the
Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and
Russia
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Geographic coordinates:
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64 00 N, 26 00 E
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Map references:
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Europe
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Area:
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total: 338,145
sq km
country comparison to the world: 64
land:
303,815 sq km
water:
34,330 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than
Montana
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Land boundaries:
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total: 2,654
km
border countries:
Norway 727 km, Sweden 614 km, Russia 1,313 km
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Coastline:
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1,250 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12
nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)
contiguous zone:
24 nm
exclusive fishing zone:
12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with
Sweden
continental shelf:
200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
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Climate:
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Current Weather
cold temperate;
potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating
influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than
60,000 lakes
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Terrain:
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mostly low, flat to
rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Baltic
Sea 0 m
highest point:
Haltiatunturi 1,328 m
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Natural resources:
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timber, iron ore, copper,
lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone
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Land use:
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arable land: 6.54%
permanent crops:
0.02%
other:
93.44% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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640 sq km (2003)
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Total
renewable water resources:
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110 cu km (2005)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 2.33
cu km/yr (14%/84%/3%)
per capita:
444 cu m/yr (1999)
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Natural hazards:
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NA
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Environment - current issues:
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air pollution from
manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water
pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss
threatens wildlife populations
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Air
Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent
Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94,
Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber
83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note:
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long boundary with
Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent;
population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain
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Population:
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5,255,068 (July 2010 est.)
12
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 16.2%
(male 433,446/female 418,080)
15-64 years:
66.6% (male 1,769,232/female 1,729,242)
65 years and over:
17.2% (male 369,482/female 535,586) (2010 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 42.3
years
male:
40.7 years
female:
44 years (2010 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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0.084% (2010 est.)
87
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Birth rate:
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10.37 births/1,000
population (2010 est.)
87
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Death rate:
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10.15 deaths/1,000
population (July 2010 est.)
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Net migration rate:
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0.62 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2010 est.)
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Urbanization:
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urban population: 63%
of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization:
0.8% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.04
male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.69 male(s)/female
total population:
0.96 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 3.45
deaths/1,000 live births
15
male:
3.75 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
3.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 79.13
years
country comparison to the world: 37
male:
75.64 years
female:
82.76 years (2010 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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1.73 children born/woman
(2010 est.)
63
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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less than 0.1% (2007
est.)
36
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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2,400 (2007 est.)
36
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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fewer than 100 (2003
est.)
46
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Nationality:
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noun: Finn(s)
adjective:
Finnish
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Ethnic groups:
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Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.6%,
Russian 0.5%, Estonian 0.3%, Roma (Gypsy) 0.1%, Sami 0.1% (2006)
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Religions:
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Lutheran Church of
Finland 82.5%, Orthodox Church 1.1%, other Christian 1.1%, other 0.1%,
none 15.1% (2006)
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Languages:
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Finnish 91.2% (official),
Swedish 5.5% (official), other 3.3% (small Sami- and Russian-speaking
minorities) (2007)
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Literacy:
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definition: age
15 and over can read and write
total population:
100%
male:
100%
female:
100% (2000 est.)
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
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total: 17
years
male:
17 years
female:
18 years (2006)
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Education expenditures:
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6.4% of GDP (2005)
country comparison to the world: 33
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Finland
conventional short form:
Finland
local long form:
Suomen tasavalta/Republiken Finland
local short form:
Suomi/Finland
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Government type:
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republic
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Capital:
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name: Helsinki
geographic coordinates:
60 10 N, 24 56 E
time difference:
UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time:
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
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Administrative divisions:
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20 regions (maakunnat,
singular - maakunta [Finnish]; landskapen, singular - landskapet
[Swedish]); Aland (Swedish), Ahvenanmaa (Finnish); Etela-Karjala
(Finnish), Sodra Karelen (Swedish); Etela-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Sodra
Osterbotten (Swedish); Etela-Savo (Finnish), Sodra Savolax (Swedish);
Kanta-Hame (Finnish), Egentliga Tavastland (Swedish); Ita-Uusimaa
(Finnish), Ostra Nyland (Swedish); Kainuu (Finnish), Kajanaland
(Swedish); Keski-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Mellersta Osterbotten (Swedish);
Keski-Suomi (Finnish), Mellersta Finland (Swedish); Kymenlaakso
(Finnish), Kymmenedalen (Swedish); Lappi (Finnish), Lappland (Swedish);
Paijat-Hame (Finnish), Paijanne-Tavastland (Swedish); Pirkanmaa
(Finnish), Birkaland (Swedish); Osterbotten (Swedish), Pohjanmaa
(Finnish); Pohjois-Karjala (Finnish), Norra Karelen (Swedish);
Pohjois-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Norra Osterbotten (Swedish); Pohjois-Savo
(Finnish), Norra Savolax (Swedish); Satakunta (Finnish and Swedish);
Uusimaa (Finnish), Nyland (Swedish); Varsinais-Suomi (Finnish),
Egentliga Finland (Swedish)
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Independence:
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6 December 1917 (from
Russia)
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 6
December (1917)
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Constitution:
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1 March 2000
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Legal system:
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civil law system based on
Swedish law; the president may request the Supreme Court to review
laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age;
universal
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President
Tarja HALONEN (since 1 March 2000)
head of government:
Prime Minister Mari KIVINIEMI (since 22 June 2010;
Deputy Prime Minister Jyrki KATAINEN (since 19 April 2007)
cabinet:
Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by
the president, responsible to parliament
elections:
president elected by popular vote for a six-year
term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 15 January 2006
(next to be held in January 2012); the president appoints the prime
minister and deputy prime minister from the majority party or the
majority coalition after parliamentary elections and the parliament must
approve the appointment; Prime Minister VANHANEN reelected on 17 April
2007
election results:
percent of vote - Tarja HALONEN (SDP) 46.3%, Sauli
NIINISTO (Kok) 24.1%, Matti VANHANEN (Kesk) 18.6%, Heidi HAUTALA (VIHR)
3.5%; a runoff election between HALONEN and NIINISTO was held 29
January 2006 - HALONEN 51.8%, NIINISTO 48.2%; Matti VANHANEN reelected
prime minister; election results 121-71
note:
government coalition - Kesk, KOK, VIHR, and SFP
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral Parliament or
Eduskunta (200 seats; members elected by popular vote on a proportional
basis to serve four-year terms)
elections:
last held on 18 March 2007 (next to be held in
March 2011)
election results:
percent of vote by party - Kesk 23.1%, Kok 22.3%,
SDP 21.4%, VAS 8.8%, VIHR 8.5%, KD 4.9%, SFP 4.5%, True Finns 4.1%,
other 3.4%; seats by party - Kesk 51, Kok 50, SDP 45, VAS 17, VIHR 15,
SFP 9, KD 7, True Finns 5, other 1 (the constituency of Aland)
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Judicial branch:
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general courts - deal
with criminal and civil cases (include district courts, Courts of
Appeal, and the Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus, whose judges are
appointed by the president); administrative courts
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Political parties and leaders:
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Center Party or Kesk
[Mari KIVINIEMI]; Christian Democrats or KD [Paivi RASANEN]; Green Party
or VIHR [Anni SINNEMAKI]; Left Alliance or VAS [Paavo ARHINMAKI]
(composed of People's Democratic League and Democratic Alternative);
National Coalition Party or Kok [Jyrki KATAINEN] (conservative); Social
Democratic Party or SDP [Jutta URPILAINEN]; Swedish People's Party or
SFP [Stefan WALLIN]; True Finns [Timo SOINI]
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International organization participation:
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ADB (nonregional member),
AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS,
CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA,
MINURCAT, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris
Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Pekka LINTU
chancery:
3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
[1] (202) 298-5800
FAX:
[1] (202) 298-6030
consulate(s) general:
Los Angeles, New York
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Bruce J. ORECK
embassy:
Itainen Puistotie 14B, 00140 Helsinki
mailing address:
APO AE 09723
telephone:
[358] (9) 616250
FAX:
[358] (9) 6162 5800
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Flag description:
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white with a blue cross
extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is
shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag);
the blue represents the thousands of lakes scattered across the country,
while the white is for the snow that covers the land in winter
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Economy - overview:
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Finland has a highly
industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita output
roughly that of Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Trade is
important with exports accounting for over one third of GDP in recent
years. Finland is strongly competitive in manufacturing - principally
the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics
industries. Finland excels in high-tech exports such as mobile phones.
Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of
raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods.
Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to
maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important
export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population.
Finland had been one of the best performing economies within the EU in
recent years and its banks and financial markets avoided the worst of
global financial crisis. However, the world slowdown hit exports and
domestic demand hard in 2009, with Finland experiencing one of the
deepest contractions in the euro zone, and will serve as a brake on
economic growth in 2010. The slowdown of construction, other investment,
and exports will cause unemployment to rise further from the 2009
level. The recession will leave a deep, long-lasting mark on general
government finances and the debt ratio. It turned previously strong
public finances into deficit within a year. In the next few years, the
great challenge of economic policy will be to implement a post-recession
exit strategy in which measures supporting growth will be combined with
general government adjustment measures. Longer-term, Finland must
address a rapidly aging population and decreasing productivity that
threaten competitiveness, fiscal sustainability, and economic growth.
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$182.6 billion (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
$197.6
billion (2008 est.)
$195.2
billion (2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$238.2 billion (2009
est.)
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GDP - real growth rate:
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-7.6% (2009 est.)
04
1.2%
(2008 est.)
4.9%
(2007 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$34,900 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36
$37,700
(2008 est.)
$37,300
(2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 3.6%
industry:
30.3%
services:
66.1% (2009 est.)
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Labor force:
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2.678 million (2009 est.)
08
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Labor force -
by occupation:
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agriculture and forestry: 4.5%
industry:
18.2%
construction:
7.3%
commerce:
15.9%
finance, insurance, and business services:
14.5%
transport and communications:
6.9%
public services:
32.7% (2008)
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Unemployment rate:
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8.5% (2009 est.)
6.4%
(2008)
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Population
below poverty line:
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NA%
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%:
24.7% (2007)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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29.5 (2007)
15
25.6
(1991)
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Investment (gross fixed):
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19.8% of GDP (2009 est.)
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Budget:
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revenues: $127
billion
expenditures:
$132.3 billion (2009 est.)
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Public debt:
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44% of GDP (2009 est.)
34.8%
of GDP (2008 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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0% (2009 est.)
6
4.1%
(2008 est.)
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Central bank
discount rate:
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3% (31 December 2008)
04
5%
(31 December 2007)
note:
this is the European Central Bank's rate on the
marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the
euro area
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Commercial bank prime lending rate:
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5.79% (31 December 2008)
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Stock of money:
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$NA
note:
see entry for the European Union for money supply
in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary
policy for the 16 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU);
individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money and
quasi money circulating within their own borders
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Stock of quasi money:
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$NA
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Stock of
domestic credit:
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$241.1 billion (31
December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 30
$225.4
billion (31 December 2007)
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Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$NA (31 December 2009)
8
$154.4
billion (31 December 2008)
$369.2
billion (31 December 2007)
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Agriculture - products:
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barley, wheat, sugar
beets, potatoes; dairy cattle; fish
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Industries:
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metals and metal
products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments,
shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing
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Industrial production growth rate:
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-11.8% (2009 est.)
47
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Electricity -
production:
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77.44 billion kWh (2008
est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
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Electricity -
consumption:
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87.25 billion kWh (2008)
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Electricity - exports:
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3.335 billion kWh (2008)
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Electricity - imports:
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16.11 billion kWh (2008)
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Oil - production:
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9,789 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil - consumption:
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201,200 bbl/day (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
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Oil - exports:
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130,500 bbl/day (2009
est.)
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Oil - imports:
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337,900 bbl/day (2009
est.)
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Oil - proved reserves:
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NA bbl
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Natural gas -
production:
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
97
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Natural gas -
consumption:
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4.501 billion cu m (2009)
country comparison to the world: 61
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
80
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Natural gas - imports:
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4.5 billion cu m (2008)
country comparison to the world: 33
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Natural
gas - proved reserves:
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0 cu m (1 January 2009
est.)
8
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Current account balance:
|
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$2.916 billion (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
$7.955
billion (2008 est.)
|
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Exports:
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$62.93 billion (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 39
$96.97
billion (2008 est.)
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Exports - commodities:
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electrical and optical
equipment, machinery, transport equipment, paper and pulp, chemicals,
basic metals; timber
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Exports - partners:
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Russia 11.6%, Sweden 10%,
Germany 10%, US 6.4%, UK 5.5%, Netherlands 5.1% (2008)
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Imports:
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$58.98 billion (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
$88.26
billion (2008)
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Imports - commodities:
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foodstuffs, petroleum and
petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel,
machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, grains
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Imports - partners:
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Russia 16.2%, Germany
15.6%, Sweden 13.5%, Netherlands 6.3%, China 5%, UK 4.2% (2008)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|
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$11.45 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
$8.346
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
|
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Debt - external:
|
|
$364.9 billion (30 June
2009)
1
$339.5
billion (31 December 2008)
|
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|
|
$80.9 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39
$78.28
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
|
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|
|
$117.7 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
3
$114.8
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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Exchange rates:
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euros (EUR) per US dollar
- 0.7338 (2009), 0.6827 (2008), 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041
(2005)
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Telephones - main lines in use:
|
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1.65 million (2008)
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Telephones -
mobile cellular:
|
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6.83 million (2008)
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Telephone system:
|
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general assessment: modern
system with excellent service
domestic:
digital fiber-optic fixed-line network and an
extensive mobile-cellular network provide domestic needs
international:
country code - 358; submarine cables provide links
to Estonia and Sweden; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat
transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat
(Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat
earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway,
and Sweden)
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Radio broadcast stations:
|
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AM 2, FM 59, shortwave 2
(2008)
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Television
broadcast stations:
|
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120 (plus 431 repeaters)
(1999); note - on 1 September 2007, Finland began broadcasting all
television signals digitally; analog broadcasts via cable networks were
discontinued 29 February 2008
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Internet country code:
|
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.fi; note - Aland Islands
assigned .ax
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Internet hosts:
|
|
4.205 million (2009)
8
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Internet users:
|
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4.383 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 46
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Airports:
|
|
148 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 37
|
|
|
Airports - with paved runways:
|
|
total: 75
over 3,047 m:
3
2,438 to 3,047 m:
26
1,524 to 2,437 m:
10
914 to 1,523 m:
22
under 914 m:
14 (2009)
|
|
|
Airports - with unpaved runways:
|
|
total: 73
914 to 1,523 m:
3
under 914 m:
70 (2009)
|
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
gas 694 km (2009)
|
|
|
Railways:
|
|
total: 5,794
km
country comparison to the world: 31
broad gauge:
5,794 km 1.524-m gauge (3,047 km electrified)
(2008)
|
|
|
Roadways:
|
|
total: 78,141
km
paved:
50,914 km (includes 700 km of expressways)
unpaved:
27,227 km (2009)
|
|
|
Waterways:
|
|
7,842 km
8
note:
includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern
part leased from Russia (2008)
|
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
total: 98
country comparison to the world: 51
by type:
bulk carrier 3, cargo 28, carrier 1, chemical
tanker 6, container 3, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 18, petroleum tanker
5, roll on/roll off 27, vehicle carrier 2
foreign-owned:
8 (Estonia 2, Germany 1, Norway 3, Sweden 2)
registered in other countries:
47 (Bahamas 9, Germany 4, Gibraltar 3, Netherlands
14, Norway 1, Panama 2, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1, Sweden 12, UK 1)
(2008)
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|
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Ports and terminals:
|
|
Hamina, Helsinki,
Kokkola, Kotka, Naantali, Pori, Raahe, Rauma, Turku
|
|
|
|
Military branches:
|
|
Finnish Defense Forces (FDF): Army,
Navy (includes Coastal Defense Forces), Air Force (Suomen Ilmavoimat)
(2007)
|
|
|
Military service age and obligation:
|
|
18 years of age for male
voluntary and compulsory - and female voluntary - national military and
nonmilitary service; service obligation 6-12 months; mandatory
retirement at age 60 (2008)
|
|
|
Manpower available for military service:
|
|
males age 16-49: 1,160,812
females age 16-49:
1,111,743 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Manpower fit for military service:
|
|
males age 16-49: 958,949
females age 16-49:
916,818 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
|
|
male: 33,297
female:
32,233 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Military expenditures:
|
|
2% of GDP (2005 est.)
|
|
|
|
| Transnational Issues
::Finland |
Disputes - international:
|
|
various groups in Finland advocate
restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but
the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands
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