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Denmark
Background:
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Once the seat of Viking raiders and
later a major north European power, Denmark has evolved into a modern,
prosperous nation that is participating in the general political and
economic integration of Europe. It joined NATO in 1949 and the EEC (now
the EU) in 1973. However, the country has opted out of certain elements
of the European Union's Maastricht Treaty, including the European
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), European defense cooperation, and
issues concerning certain justice and home affairs.
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Location:
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Northern Europe, bordering the
Baltic Sea and the North Sea, on a peninsula north of Germany (Jutland);
also includes two major islands (Sjaelland and Fyn)
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Geographic coordinates:
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56 00 N, 10 00 E
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Map references:
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Europe
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Area:
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total: 43,094
sq km
33
land:
42,434 sq km
water:
660 sq km
note:
includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea
and the rest of metropolitan Denmark (the Jutland Peninsula, and the
major islands of Sjaelland and Fyn), but excludes the Faroe Islands and
Greenland
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Area - comparative:
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slightly less than twice
the size of Massachusetts
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Land boundaries:
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total: 68
km
border countries:
Germany 68 km
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Coastline:
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7,314 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12
nm
contiguous zone:
24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
continental shelf:
200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
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Climate:
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Current Weather
temperate; humid and
overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers
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Terrain:
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low and flat to gently
rolling plains
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Lammefjord
-7 m
highest point:
Yding Skovhoej 173 m
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Natural resources:
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petroleum, natural gas,
fish, salt, limestone, chalk, stone, gravel and sand
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Land use:
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arable land: 52.59%
permanent crops:
0.19%
other:
47.22% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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4,490 sq km (2003)
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Total
renewable water resources:
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6.1 cu km (2003)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 0.67
cu km/yr (32%/26%/42%)
per capita:
123 cu m/yr (2002)
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Natural hazards:
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flooding is a threat in
some areas of the country (e.g., parts of Jutland, along the southern
coast of the island of Lolland) that are protected from the sea by a
system of dikes
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Environment - current issues:
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air pollution,
principally from vehicle and power plant emissions; nitrogen and
phosphorus pollution of the North Sea; drinking and surface water
becoming polluted from animal wastes and pesticides
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Air
Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent
Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94,
Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber
83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note:
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controls Danish Straits
(Skagerrak and Kattegat) linking Baltic and North Seas; about
one-quarter of the population lives in greater Copenhagen
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Population:
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5,515,575 (July 2010 est.)
09
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 17.9%
(male 505,948/female 480,079)
15-64 years:
65.5% (male 1,815,500/female 1,799,707)
65 years and over:
16.6% (male 401,913/female 512,428) (2010 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 40.7
years
male:
39.8 years
female:
41.6 years (2010 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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0.267% (2010 est.)
4
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Birth rate:
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10.4 births/1,000
population (2010 est.)
85
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Death rate:
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10.19 deaths/1,000
population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
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Net migration rate:
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2.47 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2010 est.)
8
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Urbanization:
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urban population: 87%
of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization:
0.5% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.055
male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.78 male(s)/female
total population:
0.98 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 4.29
deaths/1,000 live births
02
male:
4.34 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
4.23 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 78.47
years
country comparison to the world: 46
male:
76.11 years
female:
80.97 years (2010 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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1.74 children born/woman
(2010 est.)
62
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.2% (2007 est.)
06
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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4,800 (2007 est.)
24
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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fewer than 100 (2003
est.)
30
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Nationality:
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noun: Dane(s)
adjective:
Danish
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Ethnic groups:
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Scandinavian, Inuit,
Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian, Somali
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Religions:
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Evangelical Lutheran 95%,
other Christian (includes Protestant and Roman Catholic) 3%, Muslim 2%
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Languages:
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Danish, Faroese,
Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority)
note:
English is the predominant second language
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Literacy:
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definition: age
15 and over can read and write
total population:
99%
male:
99%
female:
99% (2003 est.)
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
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total: 17
years
male:
16 years
female:
17 years (2006)
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Education expenditures:
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8.3% of GDP (2005)
2
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Kingdom of Denmark
conventional short form:
Denmark
local long form:
Kongeriget Danmark
local short form:
Danmark
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Government type:
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constitutional monarchy
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Capital:
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name: Copenhagen
geographic coordinates:
55 40 N, 12 35 E
time difference:
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time:
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
note:
applies to continental Denmark only, not to its
North Atlantic components
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Administrative divisions:
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metropolitan Denmark - 5
regions (regioner, singular - region); Hovedstaden, Midtjylland,
Nordjylland, Sjaelland, Syddanmark
note:
an extensive local government reform merged 271
municipalities into 98 and 13 counties into five regions, effective 1
January 2007
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Independence:
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first organized as a
unified state in 10th century; in 1849 became a constitutional monarchy
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National holiday:
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none designated;
Constitution Day, 5 June (1849) is generally viewed as the National Day
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Constitution:
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5 June 1953; note -
constitution allowed for a unicameral legislature and a female chief of
state
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Legal system:
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civil law system;
judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
with reservations
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age;
universal
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: Queen
MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince
FREDERIK, elder son of the monarch (born on 26 May 1968)
head of government:
Prime Minister Lars Loekke RASMUSSEN (since 5
April 2009)
cabinet:
Council of State appointed by the monarch
elections:
the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral People's
Assembly or Folketing (179 seats, including 2 from Greenland and 2 from
the Faroe Islands; members elected by popular vote on the basis of
proportional representation to serve four-year terms unless the
Folketing is dissolved earlier)
elections:
last held on 13 November 2007 (next to be held in
2011)
election results:
percent of vote by party - Liberal Party 26.2%,
Social Democrats 25.5%, Danish People's Party 13.9%, Socialist People's
Party 13.0%, Conservative People's Party 10.4%, Social Liberal Party
5.1%, New Alliance 2.8%, Red-Green Unity List 2.2%, other 0.9%; seats by
party - Liberal Party 46, Social Democrats 45, Danish People's Party
25, Socialist People's Party 23, Conservative People's Party 18, Social
Liberal Party 9, New Alliance 5, Red-Green Alliance 4; note - does not
include the two seats from Greenland and the two seats from the Faroe
Islands
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court (judges are
appointed for life by the monarch)
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Political parties and leaders:
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Christian Democrats
[Bjarne Hartung KIRKEGAARD] (was Christian People's Party); Conservative
Party [Lene ESPERSEN] (sometimes known as Conservative People's Party);
Danish People's Party [Pia KJAERSGAARD]; Liberal Alliance [Anders
SAMUELSEN] (formerly known as New Alliance); Liberal Party [Lars Loekke
RASMUSSEN]; Red-Green Unity List (Alliance) [collective leadership]
(bloc includes Left Socialist Party, Communist Party of Denmark,
Socialist Workers' Party); Social Democratic Party [Helle
THORNING-SCHMIDT]; Social Liberal Party [Margrethe VESTAGER]; Socialist
People's Party [Villy SOEVNDAL]
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Confederation of Danish
Employers or DA [President Joergen VORSHOLT]; Principal DA member
organizations: Confederation of Danish Industries [President Hans Skov
CHRISTENSEN]; Confederation of Danish Labor Unions [ President Harald
BORSTING]; Danish Bankers Association [CEO Joergen HORWITZ]; DaneAge
Association [President Bjarne HASTRUP]; Danish Society for Nature
Conservation [President Ella Maria BISSCHOP-LARSEN]
other:
humanitarian relief; development assistance; human
rights NGOs
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International organization participation:
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ADB (nonregional member),
AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS,
CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NATO,
NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA,
Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS,
UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Friis Arne PETERSEN
chancery:
3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
[1] (202) 234-4300
FAX:
[1] (202) 328-1470
consulate(s) general:
Chicago, New York
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Laurie S. FULTON
embassy:
Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen
mailing address:
PSC 73, APO AE 09716
telephone:
[45] 33 41 71 00
FAX:
[45] 35 43 02 23
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Flag description:
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red with a white cross
that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is
shifted to the hoist side; the banner is referred to as the Dannebrog
(Danish flag) and is one of the oldest national flags in the world;
traditions as to the origin of the flag design vary, but the best known
is a legend that the banner fell from the sky during an early-13th
century battle; caught up by the Danish king before it ever touched the
earth, this heavenly talisman inspired the royal army to victory
note:
the shifted design element was subsequently
adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and
Sweden
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Economy - overview:
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This thoroughly modern market
economy features a high-tech agricultural sector, state-of-the-art
industry with world-leading firms in pharmaceuticals, maritime shipping
and renewable energy, and a high dependence on foreign trade. The Danish
economy is also characterized by extensive government welfare measures,
an equitable distribution of income, and comfortable living standards.
Denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and enjoys a comfortable
balance of payments surplus. After a long consumption-driven upswing,
Denmark's economy began slowing in early 2007 with the end of a housing
boom. The global financial crisis has exacerbated this cyclical slowdown
through increased borrowing costs and lower export demand, consumer
confidence, and investment. The global financial crises cut Danish GDP
by 0.9% in 2008 and 4.3% in 2009. Historically low levels of
unemployment have risen sharply with the recession. Denmark is likely to
make a slow and modest recovery, though unemployment is likely to rise
through 2010. An impending decline in the ratio of workers to retirees
will be a major long-term issue. Denmark maintained a healthy budget
surplus for many years up to 2008, but the budget balance swung into
deficit during 2009. Nonetheless, Denmark's fiscal position remains
among the strongest in the EU. Despite previously meeting the criteria
to join the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), so far Denmark
has decided not to join, although the Danish krone remains pegged to the
euro.
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$198.6 billion (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 53
$207.5
billion (2008 est.)
$209.4
billion (2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$311.9 billion (2009
est.)
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GDP - real growth rate:
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-4.3% (2009 est.)
84
-0.9%
(2008 est.)
1.7%
(2007 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$36,000 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 31
$37,800
(2008 est.)
$38,300
(2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 1.2%
industry:
23.8%
services:
74.9% (2009 est.)
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Labor force:
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2.84 million (2009 est.)
07
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Labor force -
by occupation:
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agriculture: 2.5%
industry:
20.2%
services:
77.3% (2005 est.)
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Unemployment rate:
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4.3% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40
3.4%
(2008 est.)
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Population
below poverty line:
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12.1% (2007)
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 1.9%
highest 10%:
28.7% (2007)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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29 (2007)
18
24.7
(1992)
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Investment (gross fixed):
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18.8% of GDP (2009 est.)
07
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Budget:
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revenues: $170.9
billion
expenditures:
$179.2 billion (2009 est.)
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Public debt:
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41.6% of GDP (2009 est.)
33.4%
of GDP (2008 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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1.3% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52
3.4%
(2008 est.)
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Central bank
discount rate:
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1.2% (31 December 2009)
22
3.75%
(31 December 2008)
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Commercial bank prime lending rate:
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NA%
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Stock of money:
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$155.6 billion (31
December 2009)
2
$143
billion (31 December 2008)
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Stock of quasi money:
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$95.82 billion (31
December 2008)
7
$81.64
billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of
domestic credit:
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$709.2 billion (31
December 2009)
$695.8
billion (31 December 2008)
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Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$203.2 billion (31
December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 31
$131.5
billion (31 December 2008)
$277.7
billion (31 December 2007)
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Agriculture - products:
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barley, wheat, potatoes,
sugar beets; pork, dairy products; fish
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Industries:
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iron, steel, nonferrous
metals, chemicals, food processing, machinery and transportation
equipment, textiles and clothing, electronics, construction, furniture
and other wood products, shipbuilding and refurbishment, windmills,
pharmaceuticals, medical equipment
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Industrial production growth rate:
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-12% (2009 est.)
51
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Electricity -
production:
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36.4 billion kWh (2008
est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
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Electricity -
consumption:
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34.3 billion kWh (2008
est.)
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Electricity - exports:
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11.36 billion kWh (2008)
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Electricity - imports:
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12.82 billion kWh (2008)
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Oil - production:
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287,000 bbl/day (2008)
country comparison to the world: 39
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Oil - consumption:
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189,000 bbl/day (2008)
country comparison to the world: 58
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Oil - exports:
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267,600 bbl/day (2008)
country comparison to the world: 45
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Oil - imports:
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137,000 bbl/day (2008)
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Oil - proved reserves:
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800 million bbl (1
January 2009)
country comparison to the world: 41
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Natural gas -
production:
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10.09 billion cu m (2008)
country comparison to the world: 42
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Natural gas -
consumption:
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4.59 billion cu m (2008)
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Natural gas - exports:
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5.516 billion cu m (2008)
6
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2008)
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Natural
gas - proved reserves:
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60 billion cu m (1
January 2009 est.)
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Current account balance:
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$9.103 billion (2009
est.)
2
$7.55
billion (2008 est.)
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Exports:
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$91.49 billion (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 35
$114.7
billion (2008 est.)
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Exports - commodities:
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machinery and
instruments, meat and meat products, dairy products, fish,
pharmaceuticals, furniture, windmills
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Exports - partners:
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Germany 17.8%, Sweden
14.5%, UK 8.1%, Norway 5.7%, US 5.4%, Netherlands 4.8%, France 4.7%
(2008)
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Imports:
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$84.74 billion (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 31
$115.4
billion (2008 est.)
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment,
raw materials and semimanufactures for industry, chemicals, grain and
foodstuffs, consumer goods
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Imports - partners:
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Germany 21.1%, Sweden
13.9%, Netherlands 6.7%, Norway 6.3%, China 5.7%, UK 5% (2008)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$76.65 billion (31
December 2009)
3
$42.32
billion (31 December 2008)
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Debt - external:
|
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$607.4 billion (30 June
2009)
6
$588.8
billion (31 December 2008)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|
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$145.7 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
6
$138
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|
|
$185.3 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
0
$176.9
billion (31 December 2008)
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Exchange rates:
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Danish kroner (DKK) per
US dollar - 5.4742 (2009), 5.0236 (2008), 5.4797 (2007), 5.9468 (2006),
5.9969 (2005)
note:
the Danish krone is pegged to the euro
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Telephones - main lines in use:
|
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2.062 million (2009)
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Telephones -
mobile cellular:
|
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7.424 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 70
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Telephone system:
|
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general assessment: excellent
telephone and telegraph services
domestic:
buried and submarine cables and microwave radio
relay form trunk network, multiple cellular mobile communications
systems
international:
country code - 45; a series of fiber-optic
submarine cables link Denmark with Canada, Faroe Islands, Germany,
Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and UK; satellite
earth stations - 18 (6 Intelsat, 10 Eutelsat, 1 Orion, 1 Inmarsat
(Blaavand-Atlantic-East)); note - the Nordic countries (Denmark,
Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) share the Danish earth station and
the Eik, Norway, station for worldwide Inmarsat access (2008)
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Radio broadcast stations:
|
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AM 1, FM 355, shortwave 0
(1998)
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Television
broadcast stations:
|
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172 (2008)
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Internet country code:
|
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.dk
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Internet hosts:
|
|
3.991 million (2009)
9
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Internet users:
|
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4.579 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 44
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Airports:
|
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92 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 65
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Airports - with paved runways:
|
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total: 28
over 3,047 m:
2
2,438 to 3,047 m:
7
1,524 to 2,437 m:
4
914 to 1,523 m:
12
under 914 m:
3 (2009)
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
|
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total: 64
914 to 1,523 m:
3
under 914 m:
61 (2009)
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Pipelines:
|
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gas 2,858 km; oil 107 km
(2009)
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Railways:
|
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total: 2,667
km
country comparison to the world: 64
standard gauge:
2,667 km 1.435-m gauge (640 km electrified) (2008)
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Roadways:
|
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total: 73,197
km
country comparison to the world: 64
paved:
73,197 km (includes 1,111 km of expressways)
(2008)
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Waterways:
|
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400 km (2008)
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Merchant marine:
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total: 327
9
by type:
bulk carrier 8, cargo 63, carrier 2, chemical
tanker 78, container 84, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 42, petroleum
tanker 29, refrigerated cargo 7, roll on/roll off 8, specialized tanker 4
foreign-owned:
26 (Canada 1, Germany 1, Germany 9, Greece 4,
Iceland 2, Norway 3, Sweden 6)
registered in other countries:
534 (Antigua and Barbuda 19, Bahamas 67, Belgium
4, Brazil 2, Cayman Islands 3, Cyprus 4, Egypt 1, Estonia 1, France 2,
Germany 1, Gibraltar 7, Hong Kong 24, Isle of Man 29, Italy 3, Jamaica
2, Liberia 12, Lithuania 5, Luxembourg 1, Malta 30, Marshall Islands 10,
Mexico 2, Netherlands 29, Netherlands Antilles 2, Norway 25, Panama 40,
Portugal 3, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 16, Singapore 87, South
Africa 1, Spain 2, Sweden 4, Togo 1, UAE 1, UK 62, US 31, Venezuela 1)
(2008)
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Ports and terminals:
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Aalborg, Aarhus,
Copenhagen, Ensted, Esbjerg, Fredericia, Kalundborg
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Military branches:
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Defense Command: Army Operational
Command, Admiral Danish Fleet, Arctic Command, Tactical Air Command,
Home Guard (2010)
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Military service age and obligation:
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18 years of age for
compulsory and voluntary military service; conscripts serve an initial
training period that varies from 4 to 12 months according to
specialization; reservists are assigned to mobilization units following
completion of their conscript service; women eligible to volunteer for
military service (2004)
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Manpower available for military service:
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|
males age 16-49: 1,235,947
females age 16-49:
1,221,386 (2010 est.)
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Manpower fit for military service:
|
|
males age 16-49: 1,013,814
females age 16-49:
1,001,411 (2010 est.)
|
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
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male: 37,831
female:
35,930 (2010 est.)
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Military expenditures:
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1.3% of GDP (2007 est.)
14
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| Transnational Issues
::Denmark |
Disputes - international:
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Iceland, the UK, and Ireland
dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf
extends beyond 200 nm; Faroese continue to study proposals for full
independence; sovereignty dispute with Canada over Hans Island in the
Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland
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