|
Bulgaria
Background:
|
|
The Bulgars, a Central Asian Turkic
tribe, merged with the local Slavic inhabitants in the late 7th century
to form the first Bulgarian state. In succeeding centuries, Bulgaria
struggled with the Byzantine Empire to assert its place in the Balkans,
but by the end of the 14th century the country was overrun by the
Ottoman Turks. Northern Bulgaria attained autonomy in 1878 and all of
Bulgaria became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1908. Having
fought on the losing side in both World Wars, Bulgaria fell within the
Soviet sphere of influence and became a People's Republic in 1946.
Communist domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first
multiparty election since World War II and began the contentious process
of moving toward political democracy and a market economy while
combating inflation, unemployment, corruption, and crime. The country
joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.
|
|
|
|
Location:
|
|
Southeastern Europe, bordering the
Black Sea, between Romania and Turkey
|
|
|
Geographic coordinates:
|
|
43 00 N, 25 00 E
|
|
|
Map references:
|
|
Europe
|
|
|
Area:
|
|
total: 110,879
sq km
04
land:
108,489 sq km
water:
2,390 sq km
|
|
|
Area - comparative:
|
|
slightly larger than
Tennessee
|
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
|
total: 1,808
km
border countries:
Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km,
Serbia 318 km, Turkey 240 km
|
|
|
Coastline:
|
|
354 km
|
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
|
territorial sea: 12
nm
contiguous zone:
24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
|
|
|
Climate:
|
|
Current Weather
temperate; cold, damp
winters; hot, dry summers
|
|
|
Terrain:
|
|
mostly mountains with
lowlands in north and southeast
|
|
|
Elevation extremes:
|
|
lowest point: Black
Sea 0 m
highest point:
Musala 2,925 m
|
|
|
Natural resources:
|
|
bauxite, copper, lead,
zinc, coal, timber, arable land
|
|
|
Land use:
|
|
arable land: 29.94%
permanent crops:
1.9%
other:
68.16% (2005)
|
|
|
Irrigated land:
|
|
5,880 sq km (2003)
|
|
|
Total
renewable water resources:
|
|
19.4 cu km (2005)
|
|
|
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
|
|
total: 6.92
cu km/yr (3%/78%/19%)
per capita:
895 cu m/yr (2003)
|
|
|
Natural hazards:
|
|
earthquakes; landslides
|
|
|
Environment - current issues:
|
|
air pollution from
industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw sewage, heavy metals,
detergents; deforestation; forest damage from air pollution and
resulting acid rain; soil contamination from heavy metals from
metallurgical plants and industrial wastes
|
|
|
Environment - international agreements:
|
|
party to: Air
Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent
Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94,
Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
|
|
|
Geography - note:
|
|
strategic location near
Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from Europe to Middle East and
Asia
|
|
|
|
Population:
|
|
7,148,785 (July 2010 est.)
|
|
|
Age structure:
|
|
0-14 years: 13.8%
(male 507,505/female 482,229)
15-64 years:
68.3% (male 2,399,182/female 2,480,941)
65 years and over:
17.9% (male 518,350/female 760,578) (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Median age:
|
|
total: 41.6
years
male:
39.4 years
female:
43.9 years (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Population growth rate:
|
|
-0.768% (2010 est.)
29
|
|
|
Birth rate:
|
|
9.43 births/1,000
population (2010 est.)
02
|
|
|
Death rate:
|
|
14.31 deaths/1,000
population (July 2010 est.)
8
|
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
|
-2.8 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2010 est.)
43
|
|
|
Urbanization:
|
|
urban population: 71%
of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization:
-0.3% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
|
|
|
Sex ratio:
|
|
at birth: 1.06
male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.68 male(s)/female
total population:
0.92 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
|
total: 17.26
deaths/1,000 live births
10
male:
20.59 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
13.73 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
|
total population: 73.35
years
14
male:
69.74 years
female:
77.17 years (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
|
1.41 children born/woman
(2010 est.)
96
|
|
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|
|
less than 0.1% (2001
est.)
41
|
|
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|
|
346 (2001 est.)
53
|
|
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|
|
100 (2001 est.)
49
|
|
|
Nationality:
|
|
noun: Bulgarian(s)
adjective:
Bulgarian
|
|
|
Ethnic groups:
|
|
Bulgarian 83.9%, Turk
9.4%, Roma 4.7%, other 2% (including Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar,
Circassian) (2001 census)
|
|
|
Religions:
|
|
Bulgarian Orthodox 82.6%,
Muslim 12.2%, other Christian 1.2%, other 4% (2001 census)
|
|
|
Languages:
|
|
Bulgarian 84.5%, Turkish
9.6%, Roma 4.1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)
|
|
|
Literacy:
|
|
definition: age
15 and over can read and write
total population:
98.2%
male:
98.7%
female:
97.7% (2001 census)
|
|
|
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
|
|
total: 14
years
male:
13 years
female:
14 years (2006)
|
|
|
Education expenditures:
|
|
4.5% of GDP (2005)
|
|
|
|
Country name:
|
|
conventional long form: Republic of Bulgaria
conventional short form:
Bulgaria
local long form:
Republika Balgariya
local short form:
Balgariya
|
|
|
Government type:
|
|
parliamentary democracy
|
|
|
Capital:
|
|
name: Sofia
geographic coordinates:
42 41 N, 23 19 E
time difference:
UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time:
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
|
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
|
28 provinces (oblasti,
singular - oblast); Blagoevgrad, Burgas, Dobrich, Gabrovo, Khaskovo,
Kurdzhali, Kyustendil, Lovech, Montana, Pazardzhik, Pernik, Pleven,
Plovdiv, Razgrad, Ruse, Shumen, Silistra, Sliven, Smolyan, Sofiya,
Sofiya-Grad (Sofia City), Stara Zagora, Turgovishte, Varna, Veliko
Turnovo, Vidin, Vratsa, Yambol
|
|
|
Independence:
|
|
3 March 1878 (as an
autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire); 22 September 1908
(complete independence from the Ottoman Empire)
|
|
|
National holiday:
|
|
Liberation Day, 3 March
(1878)
|
|
|
Constitution:
|
|
adopted on 12 July 1991
|
|
|
Legal system:
|
|
civil and criminal law
based on Roman law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with
reservations
|
|
|
Suffrage:
|
|
18 years of age;
universal
|
|
|
Executive branch:
|
|
chief of state: President
Georgi PARVANOV (since 22 January 2002); Vice President Angel MARIN
(since 22 January 2002)
head of government:
Prime Minister Boyko BORISSOV (since 27 July
2009); Deputy Prime Ministers Simeon DJANKOV and Tsvetan TSVETANOV
(since 27 July 2009)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers nominated by the prime
minister and elected by the National Assembly
elections:
president and vice president elected on the same
ticket by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second
term); election last held on 22 and 29 October 2006 (next to be held in
2011); chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) elected by
the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime
minister and elected by the National Assembly
election results:
Georgi PARVANOV reelected president; percent of
vote - Georgi PARVANOV 77.3%, Volen SIDEROV 22.7%; Boyko BORISSOV
elected prime minister; result of legislative vote - 162 to 77 with 1
abstention
|
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
|
unicameral National
Assembly or Narodno Sabranie (240 seats; members elected by popular vote
to serve four-year terms)
elections:
last held on 5 July 2009 (next to be held in
mid-2013)
election results:
percent of vote by party - GERB 39.7%, BSP 17.7%,
MRF 14.4%, ATAKA 9.4%, Blue Coalition 6.8%, RZS 4.1%, other 7.9%; seats
by party - GERB 117, BSP 40, MRF 37, ATAKA 21, Blue Coalition 15, RZS 8,
independents 2
|
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
|
independent judiciary
comprised of judges, prosecutors and investigating magistrates who are
appointed, promoted, demoted, and dismissed by a 25-member Supreme
Judicial Council (consists of the chairmen of the two Supreme Courts,
the Chief Prosecutor, and 22 members, half of whom are elected by the
National Assembly and the other half by the bodies of the judiciary for a
5-year term in office); three levels of case review; 182 courts of
which two Supreme Courts act as the last instance on civil and criminal
cases (the Supreme Court of Cassation) and appeals of government
decisions (the Supreme Administrative Court)
|
|
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
|
Agrarian National Union
or ANU [Stefan LICHEV]; ATAKA (Attack party) [Volen SIDEROV]; Blue
Coalition [Ivan KOSTOV and Martin DIMITROV] (a coalition of center-right
parties dominated by UDF and DSB); Bulgarian New Democracy [Borislav
RALCHEV]; Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Sergei STANISHEV]; Citizens
for the European Development of Bulgaria or GERB [Boyko BORISSOV];
Coalition for Bulgaria or CfB [Sergei STANISHEV] (coalition of parties
dominated by BSP); Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB [Ivan KOSTOV];
Gergyovden [Petar STOYANOVICH]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization or IMRO [Krasimir KARAKACHANOV]; Liberal Initiative for
Democratic European Development or LIDER [Khristo KOVACHKI]; Movement
for Rights and Freedoms or MRF [Ahmed DOGAN]; National Movement for
Stability and Progress or NDSV [Hristina HRISTOVA] (formerly National
Movement Simeon II or NMS2); New Time [Emil KOSHLUKOV]; Order, Law,
Justice or RZS [Yane YANEV]; Union of Democratic Forces or UDF [Martin
DIMITROV]; Union of Free Democrats or UFD [Stefan SOFIYANSKI]; United
Agrarians [Anastasia MOZER]
|
|
|
Political pressure groups and leaders:
|
|
Confederation of
Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB; Podkrepa Labor
Confederation
other:
numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest
groups with various agendas
|
|
|
International organization participation:
|
|
ACCT, Australia Group,
BIS, BSEC, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EU, FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF,
OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNWTO,
UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation in the US:
|
|
chief of mission: Ambassador
(vacant); Charge d'Affaires Timohir STOYTCHEV
chancery:
1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
[1] (202) 387-0174
FAX:
[1] (202) 234-7973
consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
|
|
|
Diplomatic representation from the US:
|
|
chief of mission: Ambassador
James B. WARLICK, Jr
embassy:
16 Kozyak Street, Sofia 1407
mailing address:
American Embassy Sofia, US Department of State,
5740 Sofia Place, Washington, DC 20521-5740
telephone:
[359] (2) 937-5100
FAX:
[359] (2) 937-5320
|
|
|
Flag description:
|
|
three equal horizontal
bands of white (top), green, and red; the pan-Slavic white-blue-red
colors were modified by substituting a green band (representing freedom)
for the blue
note:
the national emblem, formerly on the hoist side of
the white stripe, has been removed
|
|
|
|
Economy - overview:
|
|
Bulgaria, a former Communist
country that entered the EU on 1 January 2007, averaged more than 6%
growth from 2004 to 2008, driven by significant amounts of foreign
direct investment. Successive governments have demonstrated a commitment
to economic reforms and responsible fiscal planning, but the global
downturn is reducing exports, capital inflows, and industrial
production. GDP in 2009 contracted by approximately 5%. Corruption in
the public administration, a weak judiciary, and the presence of
organized crime remain significant challenges.
|
|
|
GDP (purchasing power parity):
|
|
$90.51 billion (2009
est.)
$95.17
billion (2008 est.)
$89.7
billion (2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
|
|
|
GDP (official exchange rate):
|
|
$45.3 billion (2009 est.)
|
|
|
GDP - real growth rate:
|
|
-4.9% (2009 est.)
89
6.1%
(2008 est.)
6.2%
(2007 est.)
|
|
|
GDP - per capita (PPP):
|
|
$12,600 (2009 est.)
$13,100
(2008 est.)
$12,200
(2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
|
|
|
GDP - composition by sector:
|
|
agriculture: 7.5%
industry:
27.6%
services:
64.9% (2009 est.)
|
|
|
Labor force:
|
|
3.2 million (2009 est.)
00
|
|
|
Labor force -
by occupation:
|
|
agriculture: 7.5%
industry:
36.4%
services:
56.1% (2008 est.)
|
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
|
9.1% (2009)
06
6.3%
(2008)
|
|
|
Population
below poverty line:
|
|
14% (2008)
|
|
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
|
|
lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%:
24.1% (2008)
|
|
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|
|
29.8 (2008)
14
26.4
(2001)
|
|
|
Investment (gross fixed):
|
|
24.8% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45
|
|
|
Budget:
|
|
revenues: $17.82
billion
expenditures:
$18.2 billion (2009 est.)
|
|
|
Public debt:
|
|
14.8% of GDP (2009)
16
14.1%
of GDP (2008)
|
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
|
1.6% (2009)
7.2%
(2008)
|
|
|
Central bank
discount rate:
|
|
0.55% (31 December 2009)
5.77%
(31 December 2008)
|
|
|
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
|
|
10.86% (31 December 2008)
10%
(31 December 2007)
|
|
|
Stock of money:
|
|
$12.63 billion (31
December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 50
$13.84
billion (31 December 2008)
|
|
|
Stock of quasi money:
|
|
$20.61 billion (31
December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 52
$19.67
billion (31 December 2008)
|
|
|
Stock of
domestic credit:
|
|
$33.19 billion (31
December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 58
$31.04
billion (31 December 2008)
|
|
|
Market value of publicly traded shares:
|
|
$7.33 billion (31
December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 70
$8.858
billion (31 December 2008)
$21.79
billion (31 December 2007)
|
|
|
Agriculture - products:
|
|
vegetables, fruits,
tobacco, wine, wheat, barley, sunflowers, sugar beets; livestock
|
|
|
Industries:
|
|
electricity, gas, water;
food, beverages, tobacco; machinery and equipment, base metals, chemical
products, coke, refined petroleum, nuclear fuel
|
|
|
Industrial production growth rate:
|
|
-14% (2009 est.)
55
|
|
|
Electricity -
production:
|
|
44.83 billion kWh (2008)
country comparison to the world: 51
|
|
|
Electricity -
consumption:
|
|
29.9 billion kWh (2008)
country comparison to the world: 59
|
|
|
Electricity - exports:
|
|
5.407 billion kWh (2008)
|
|
|
Electricity - imports:
|
|
3.097 billion kWh (2008
est.)
|
|
|
Oil - production:
|
|
3,357 bbl/day (2008 est.)
01
|
|
|
Oil - consumption:
|
|
124,000 bbl/day (2008
est.)
|
|
|
Oil - exports:
|
|
76,570 bbl/day (2007
est.)
country comparison to the world: 71
|
|
|
Oil - imports:
|
|
189,000 bbl/day (2007
est.)
country comparison to the world: 50
|
|
|
Oil - proved reserves:
|
|
15 million bbl (1 January
2009 est.)
|
|
|
Natural gas -
production:
|
|
218 million cu m (2008)
|
|
|
Natural gas -
consumption:
|
|
3.35 billion cu m (2008)
country comparison to the world: 71
|
|
|
Natural gas - exports:
|
|
0 cu m (2008)
00
|
|
|
Natural gas - imports:
|
|
3.48 billion cu m (2008)
country comparison to the world: 38
|
|
|
Natural
gas - proved reserves:
|
|
5.663 billion cu m (1
January 2009 est.)
|
|
|
Current account balance:
|
|
-$4.06 billion (2009
est.)
66
-$12.64
billion (2008 est.)
|
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$16.43 billion (2009
est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
$22.71
billion (2008 est.)
|
|
|
Exports - commodities:
|
|
clothing, footwear, iron
and steel, machinery and equipment, fuels
|
|
|
Exports - partners:
|
|
Greece 9.8%, Germany
9.1%, Turkey 8.9%, Italy 8.5%, Romania 7.2%, Belgium 5.8%, France 4%
(2008)
|
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$22.1 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64
$35.64
billion (2008 est.)
|
|
|
Imports - commodities:
|
|
machinery and equipment;
metals and ores; chemicals and plastics; fuels, minerals, and raw
materials
|
|
|
Imports - partners:
|
|
Russia 14.6%, Germany
11.8%, Italy 7.9%, Ukraine 7.3%, Romania 5.6%, Turkey 5.5%, Greece 5.4%,
Austria 4.1% (2008)
|
|
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|
|
$18.53 billion (31
December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 55
$17.93
billion (31 December 2008)
|
|
|
Debt - external:
|
|
$49.28 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
$51.46
billion (31 December 2008)
|
|
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|
|
$47.39 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52
$42.91
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
|
|
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|
|
$1.155 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
$1.292
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
leva (BGN) per US dollar -
1.4352 (2009), 1.3171 (2008), 1.4366 (2007), 1.5576 (2006), 1.5741
(2005)
|
|
|
|
| Communications
::Bulgaria |
Telephones - main lines in use:
|
|
2.258 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 54
|
|
|
Telephones -
mobile cellular:
|
|
10.633 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 59
|
|
|
Telephone system:
|
|
general assessment: inherited
an extensive but antiquated telecommunications network from the Soviet
era; quality has improved with a modern digital trunk line now
connecting switching centers in most of the regions; remaining areas are
connected by digital microwave radio relay
domestic:
the Bulgaria Telecommunications Company's
fixed-line monopoly terminated in 2005 in an effort to upgrade
fixed-line services; mobile-cellular teledensity, fostered by multiple
service providers, approached 150 telephones per 100 persons
international:
country code - 359; submarine cable provides
connectivity to Ukraine and Russia; a combination submarine cable and
land fiber-optic system provides connectivity to Italy, Albania, and
Macedonia; satellite earth stations - 3 (1 Intersputnik in the Atlantic
Ocean region, 2 Intelsat in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions)
(2008)
|
|
|
Radio broadcast stations:
|
|
AM 31, FM 63, shortwave 2
(2001)
|
|
|
Television
broadcast stations:
|
|
39 (plus 1,242 repeaters)
(2001)
|
|
|
Internet country code:
|
|
.bg
|
|
|
Internet hosts:
|
|
706,648 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 45
|
|
|
Internet users:
|
|
2.647 million (2008)
|
|
|
|
| Transportation
::Bulgaria |
Airports:
|
|
212 (2009)
9
|
|
|
Airports - with paved runways:
|
|
total: 132
over 3,047 m:
2
2,438 to 3,047 m:
18
1,524 to 2,437 m:
15
under 914 m:
97 (2009)
|
|
|
Airports - with unpaved runways:
|
|
total: 80
1,524 to 2,437 m:
1
914 to 1,523 m:
6
under 914 m:
73 (2009)
|
|
|
Heliports:
|
|
3 (2009)
|
|
|
Pipelines:
|
|
gas 2,926 km; oil 339 km;
refined products 156 km (2009)
|
|
|
Railways:
|
|
total: 4,294
km
country comparison to the world: 38
standard gauge:
4,049 km 1.435-m gauge (2,880 km electrified)
narrow gauge:
245 km 0.760-m gauge (2008)
|
|
|
Roadways:
|
|
total: 40,231
km
paved:
39,587 km (includes 331 km of expressways)
unpaved:
644 km (2005)
|
|
|
Waterways:
|
|
470 km (2008)
|
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
|
total: 74
country comparison to the world: 59
by type:
bulk carrier 37, cargo 14, chemical tanker 5,
container 6, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 3,
roll on/roll off 4, specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned:
65 (Germany 63, Ireland 1, Russia 1)
registered in other countries:
31 (Comoros 2, Malta 5, Panama 3, Saint Vincent
and the Grenadines 15, Slovakia 6) (2008)
|
|
|
Ports and terminals:
|
|
Burgas, Varna
|
|
|
|
Military branches:
|
|
Bulgarian Armed Forces: Ground
Forces, Naval Forces, Bulgarian Air Forces (Bulgarski Voennovazdyshni
Sily, BVVS) (2010)
|
|
|
Military service age and obligation:
|
|
18-27 years of age for
voluntary military service; as of May 2006, 67% of the Bulgarian Army
comprised of professional soldiers; conscription ended in January 2008;
Air Forces and Naval Forces became fully professional at the end of 2006
(2008)
|
|
|
Manpower available for military service:
|
|
males age 16-49: 1,660,930
females age 16-49:
1,646,170 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Manpower fit for military service:
|
|
males age 16-49: 1,337,201
females age 16-49:
1,360,039 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
|
|
male: 35,604
female:
34,199 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Military expenditures:
|
|
2.6% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58
|
|
|
|
| Transnational Issues
::Bulgaria |
Disputes - international:
|
|
none
|
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
major European
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and, to a lesser degree,
South American cocaine for the European market; limited producer of
precursor chemicals; vulnerable to money laundering because of
corruption, organized crime; some money laundering of drug-related
proceeds through financial institutions (2008)
|
|
|
|
|
Back to Countries in Europe
Back to All Travel to Destinations Homepage
|
|
|
