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Bosnia
Europe:: Bosnia and Herzegovina
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| Introduction
::Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Background:
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Bosnia and Herzegovina's
declaration of sovereignty in October 1991 was followed by a declaration
of independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a
referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by
neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance
aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining
Serb-held areas to form a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks and
Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by
signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia
and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring
parties initialed a peace agreement that brought to a halt three years
of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on
14 December 1995). The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and
Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a multi-ethnic and
democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and
fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government composed
of two entities roughly equal in size: the Bosniak/Croat Federation of
Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS).
The Federation and RS governments were charged with overseeing most
government functions. The Dayton Accords also established the Office of
the High Representative (OHR) to oversee the implementation of the
civilian aspects of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council
(PIC) at its conference in Bonn in 1997 also gave the High
Representative the authority to impose legislation and remove officials,
the so-called "Bonn Powers." In 1995-96, a NATO-led international
peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops served in Bosnia to implement
and monitor the military aspects of the agreement. IFOR was succeeded
by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) whose mission was to
deter renewed hostilities. European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR)
replaced SFOR in December 2004; their mission is to maintain peace and
stability throughout the country. EUFOR's mission changed from
peacekeeping to civil policing in October 2007, with its presence
reduced from nearly 7,000 to less than 2,500 troops. Troop strength at
the end of 2009 stood at roughly 2,000. In January 2010, Bosnia and
Herzegovina assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for
the 2010-11 term.
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| Geography ::Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Location:
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Southeastern Europe, bordering the
Adriatic Sea and Croatia
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Geographic coordinates:
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44 00 N, 18 00 E
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Map references:
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Europe
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Area:
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total: 51,197
sq km
28
land:
51,187 sq km
water:
10 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than
West Virginia
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Land boundaries:
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total: 1,538
km
border countries:
Croatia 932 km, Montenegro 249 km, Serbia 357 km
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Coastline:
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20 km
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Maritime claims:
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no data available
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Climate:
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Current Weather
hot summers and cold
winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long,
severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast
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Terrain:
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mountains and valleys
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Adriatic
Sea 0 m
highest point:
Maglic 2,386 m
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Natural resources:
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coal, iron ore, bauxite,
copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum,
salt, sand, timber, hydropower
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Land use:
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arable land: 19.61%
permanent crops:
1.89%
other:
78.5% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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30 sq km (2003)
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Total
renewable water resources:
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37.5 cu km (2003)
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Natural hazards:
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destructive earthquakes
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Environment - current issues:
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air pollution from
metallurgical plants; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited;
water shortages and destruction of infrastructure because of the 1992-95
civil strife; deforestation
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Air
Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note:
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within Bosnia and
Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint
Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian
Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region
called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Montenegro, and
traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west
and an ethnic Serb majority in the east
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| People ::Bosnia
and Herzegovina |
Population:
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4,621,598 (July 2010 est.)
19
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 14.2%
(male 339,507/female 318,352)
15-64 years:
70.9% (male 1,652,435/female 1,623,549)
65 years and over:
14.9% (male 281,248/female 406,507) (2010 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 40.3
years
male:
39.1 years
female:
41.5 years (2010 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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0.016% (2010 est.)
93
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Birth rate:
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8.87 births/1,000
population (2010 est.)
12
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Death rate:
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8.71 deaths/1,000
population (July 2010 est.)
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Net migration rate:
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0 migrant(s)/1,000
population (2010 est.)
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Urbanization:
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urban population: 47%
of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization:
1.4% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.074
male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.69 male(s)/female
total population:
0.97 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 8.88
deaths/1,000 live births
57
male:
10.18 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
7.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 78.66
years
country comparison to the world: 42
male:
75.09 years
female:
82.49 years (2010 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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1.26 children born/woman
(2010 est.)
13
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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less than 0.1% (2007
est.)
66
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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900 (2007 est.)
43
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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100 (2001 est.)
50
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Nationality:
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noun: Bosnian(s),
Herzegovinian(s)
adjective:
Bosnian, Herzegovinian
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Ethnic groups:
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Bosniak 48%, Serb 37.1%,
Croat 14.3%, other 0.6% (2000)
note:
Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in
part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of
Islam
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Religions:
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Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%,
Roman Catholic 15%, other 14%
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Languages:
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Bosnian, Croatian,
Serbian
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Literacy:
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definition: age
15 and over can read and write
total population:
96.7%
male:
99%
female:
94.4% (2000 est.)
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Education expenditures:
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NA
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| Government ::Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Country name:
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conventional long form: none
conventional short form:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
local long form:
none
local short form:
Bosna i Hercegovina
former:
People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Government type:
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emerging federal
democratic republic
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Capital:
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name: Sarajevo
geographic coordinates:
43 52 N, 18 25 E
time difference:
UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time:
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
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Administrative divisions:
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2 first-order
administrative divisions and 1 internationally supervised district* -
Brcko district (Brcko Distrikt)*, the Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia
and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosna i Hercegovina) and the Bosnian
Serb-led Republika Srpska; note - Brcko district is in northeastern
Bosnia and is a self-governing administrative unit under the sovereignty
of Bosnia and Herzegovina and formally held in condominium between the
two entities; the District remains under international supervision
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Independence:
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1 March 1992 (from
Yugoslavia; referendum for independence completed on 1 March 1992;
independence declared on 3 March 1992)
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National holiday:
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National Day, 25 November
(1943)
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Constitution:
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the Dayton Peace Accords,
signed on 14 December 1995 in Paris, included a constitution; note -
each of the entities also has its own constitution
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Legal system:
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based on civil law
system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age, 16 if
employed; universal
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: Chairman
of the Presidency Haris SILAJDZIC (chairman since 6 March 2010;
presidency member since 1 October 2006 - Bosniak); other members of the
three-member presidency rotate every eight months: Zeljko KOMSIC
(presidency member since 1 October 2006 - Croat); and Nebojsa RADMANOVIC
(presidency member since 1 October 2006 - Serb)
head of government:
Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikola SPIRIC
(since 11 January 2007)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers nominated by the council
chairman; approved by the state-level House of Representatives
elections:
the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak,
one Croat, one Serb) elected by popular vote for a four-year term
(eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for four years); the
chairmanship rotates every eight months and resumes where it left off
following each general election; election last held on 1 October 2006
(next to be held in October 2010); the chairman of the Council of
Ministers appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the state-level
House of Representatives
election results:
percent of vote - Nebojsa RADMANOVIC with 53.3% of
the votes for the Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC with 39.6% of the votes for
the Croat seat; Haris SILAJDZIC with 62.8% of the votes for the Bosniak
seat
note:
President of the Federation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina: Borjana KRISTO (since 21 February 2007); Vice Presidents
Spomenka MICIC (since 21 February 2007) and Mirsad KEBO (since 21
February 2007); President of the Republika Srpska: Rajko KUZMANOVIC
(since 28 December 2007)
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral Parliamentary
Assembly or Skupstina consists of the House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15
seats, 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members elected by the Bosniak/Croat
Federation's House of Representatives and the Republika Srpska's
National Assembly to serve four-year terms); and the state-level House
of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats, 28 seats allocated
for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 seats for the
Republika Srpska; members elected by popular vote on the basis of
proportional representation to serve four-year terms); note - Bosnia's
election law specifies four-year terms for the state and first-order
administrative division entity legislatures
elections:
House of Peoples - last constituted in February
2007 (next to be constituted in 2011); state-level House of
Representatives - elections last held on 1 October 2006 (next to be held
in October 2010)
election results:
House of Peoples - percent of vote by
party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - NA; state-level House
of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by
party/coalition - SDA 9, SBiH 8, SNSD 7, SDP 5, HDZ-BH 3, HDZ1990 2, SDS
2, PDP 1, DP 1, other 4
note:
the Bosniak/Croat Federation has a bicameral
legislature that consists of a House of Peoples (58 seats - 17 Bosniak,
17 Croat, 17 Serb, 7 other); last constituted February 2007; and a House
of Representatives (98 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve
four-year terms); elections last held on 1 October 2006 (next to be held
in October 2010); percent of vote by party - NA; seats by
party/coalition - SDA 28, SBiH 20, SDP 17, HDZ-BH 7, HDZ1990 4, other
22; the Republika Srpska has a National Assembly (83 seats; members
elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); elections last held
on 1 October 2006 (next to be held in October 2010); percent of vote by
party - NA; seats by party/coalition - SNSD 41, SDS 15, PDP 7, DNS 4,
SBiH 4, SPRS 3, SDA 3, other 6; as a result of the 2002 constitutional
reform process, a 28-member Republika Srpska Council of Peoples (COP)
was established in the Republika Srpska National Assembly including 8
Croats, 8 Bosniaks, 8 Serbs, and 4 members of the smaller communities
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Judicial branch:
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BiH Constitutional Court
(consists of nine members: four members are selected by the
Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives, two members by the
Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and three non-Bosnian members by
the president of the European Court of Human Rights); BiH State Court
(consists of 44 national judges and seven international judges and has
three divisions - Administrative, Appellate and Criminal - having
jurisdiction over cases related to state-level law and cases initiated
in the entities that question BiH's sovereignty, political independence,
or national security or with economic crimes that have serious
repercussions to BiH's economy, beyond that of an entity or Brcko
District); a War Crimes Chamber opened in March 2005
note:
the entities each have a Supreme Court; each
entity also has a number of lower courts; there are 10 cantonal courts
in the Federation, plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika
Srpska has five district courts and a number of municipal courts
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Political parties and leaders:
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Alliance for a Better
Future of BiH or SBB-BiH [ Fahrudin RADONCIC]; Alliance of Independent
Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK]; Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes
AJANOVIC]; Bosnian Patriotic Party or BPS [Sefer HALILOVIC]; Civic
Democratic Party or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croat Party of Rights or HSP
[Zvonko JURISIC]; Croat Peasants' Party-New Croat Initiative or HSS-NHI
[Ljiljana LOVRIC]; Croatian Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and
Herzegovina or HKDU [Ivan MUSA]; Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and
Herzegovina or HDZ-BiH [Dragan COVIC]; Croatian Democratic Union 1990
or HDZ-1990 [Bozo LJUBIC]; Croatian Peoples Union [Milenko BRKIC];
Democratic National Union or DNZ [Rifat DOLIC]; Democratic Party or DP
[Dragan CAVIC]; Democratic Peoples' Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC];
Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Rasim KADIC]; Nasa Stranka or NS [Bojan
BAJIC]; New Socialist Party or NSP [Zdravko KRSMANOVIC]; Party for
Bosnia and Herzegovina or SBiH [Haris SILAJDZIC]; Party of Democratic
Action or SDA [Sulejman TIHIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP
[Mladen IVANIC]; Peoples' Party of Work for Progress or NSRzB [Mladen
IVANKOVIC-LIJANOVIC]; Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Mladen BOSIC]; Serb
Radical Party of the Republika Srpska or SRS-RS [Milanko MIHAJLICA];
Serb Radical Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [Mirko BLAGOJEVIC];
Social Democratic Party of BiH or SDP [Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA]; Social
Democratic Union or SDU [Nermin PECANAC]; Socialist Party of Republika
Srpska or SPRS [Petar DJOKIC]
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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other: war
veterans; displaced persons associations; family associations of
missing persons; private media
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International organization participation:
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BIS, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD,
FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,
IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA,
MONUC, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP,
SECI, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO,
UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Mitar KUJUNDZIC
chancery:
2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone:
[1] (202) 337-1500
FAX:
[1] (202) 337-1502
consulate(s) general:
Chicago, New York
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador
Charles L. ENGLISH
embassy:
Alipasina 43, 71000 Sarajevo
mailing address:
use embassy street address
telephone:
[387] (33) 445-700
FAX:
[387] (33) 659-722
branch office(s):
Banja Luka, Mostar
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Flag description:
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a wide medium blue
vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting
the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium
blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and
bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle approximates
the shape of the country and its three points stand for the constituent
peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs; the stars represent Europe and
are meant to be continuous (thus the half stars at top and bottom); the
colors (white, blue, and yellow) are often associated with neutrality
and peace, and traditionally are linked with Bosnia
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| Economy ::Bosnia
and Herzegovina |
Economy - overview:
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The interethnic warfare in Bosnia
and Herzegovina caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995
and unemployment to soar. With an uneasy peace in place, output
recovered in 1996-99 at high percentage rates from a low base; but
output growth slowed in 2000-02. Part of the lag in output was made up
in 2003-08 when GDP growth exceeded 5% per year. However, due in large
part to the global economic crisis, GDP fell by about 3% in 2009,
exports fell 24%, and unemployment - as officially reported - rose above
40%. Banking reform accelerated in 2001 as all the Communist-era
payments bureaus were shut down; foreign banks, primarily from Austria
and Italy, now control most of the banking sector. The konvertibilna
marka (convertible mark or BAM)- the national currency introduced in
1998 - is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and the
banking sector has increased. Bosnia's private sector is growing and
foreign investment is slowly increasing, but government spending, at
nearly 50% of adjusted GDP, remains high because of redundant government
offices at the state, entity and municipal level. Privatization of
state enterprises, however, has been slow, particularly in the
Federation where political division between ethnically-based political
parties makes agreement on economic policy more difficult. A sizeable
current account deficit and high unemployment rate remain the two most
serious macroeconomic problems. Successful implementation of a
value-added tax in 2006 provided a predictable source of revenue for the
government and helped rein in gray market activity. National-level
statistics have also improved over time but a large share of economic
activity remains unofficial and unrecorded. Bosnia and Herzegovina
became a full member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in
September 2007. In 2009, Bosnia's economy was hurt by the global
financial downturn, with GDP, exports, and employment all showing
declines. One of Bosnia's main challenges has been to cut public sector
wages and social benefits to meet the IMF's budget deficit criteria and
qualify for additional tranches of Fund aid.
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$29.07 billion (2009
est.)
06
$30.09
billion (2008 est.)
$28.55
billion (2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
Bosnia
has a large informal sector that may be as much as 50% of official GDP
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$17.16 billion (2009
est.)
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GDP - real growth rate:
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-3.4% (2009 est.)
68
5.4%
(2008 est.)
6%
(2007 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$6,300 (2009 est.)
32
$6,600
(2008 est.)
$6,300
(2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 9.5%
industry:
26%
services:
64.5% (2006 est.)
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Labor force:
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1.863 million (2007)
24
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Labor force -
by occupation:
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agriculture: 20.5%
industry:
32.6%
services:
47% (2008)
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Unemployment rate:
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40% (2009 est.)
85
29%
(2007 est.)
note:
official rate; gray economy may reduce actual
unemployment to 25-30%
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Population
below poverty line:
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25% (2004 est.)
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%:
27.4% (2004)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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56.2 (2007)
1
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Budget:
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revenues: $7.857
billion
expenditures:
$8.736 billion (2009 est.)
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Public debt:
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44% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
40%
of GDP (2008 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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-0.4% (2009 est.)
8
7.4%
(2008 est.)
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Commercial bank prime lending rate:
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6.98% (31 December 2008)
26
7.17%
(31 December 2007)
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Stock of money:
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$4.49 billion (31
December 2008)
$5.13
billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of quasi money:
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$5.614 billion (31
December 2008)
$5.597
billion (31 December 2007)
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Stock of
domestic credit:
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$10.26 billion (31
December 2008)
$8.895
billion (31 December 2007)
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Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$NA
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Agriculture - products:
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wheat, corn, fruits,
vegetables; livestock
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Industries:
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steel, coal, iron ore,
lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco
products, wooden furniture, tank and aircraft assembly, domestic
appliances, oil refining
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Industrial production growth rate:
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-3.3% (2008 est.)
01
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Electricity -
production:
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11.32 billion kWh (2007
est.)
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Electricity -
consumption:
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8.488 billion kWh (2007
est.)
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Electricity - exports:
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4.344 billion kWh (2007
est.)
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Electricity - imports:
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3.743 billion kWh (2007
est.)
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Oil - production:
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0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
04
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Oil - consumption:
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29,000 bbl/day (2008
est.)
13
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Oil - exports:
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192 bbl/day (2007 est.)
34
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Oil - imports:
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25,990 bbl/day (2007
est.)
04
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Oil - proved reserves:
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0 bbl (1 January 2009
est.)
02
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Natural gas -
production:
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural gas -
consumption:
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310 million cu m (2008
est.)
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
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Natural gas - imports:
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310 million cu m (2008
est.)
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Natural
gas - proved reserves:
|
|
0 cu m (1 January 2009
est.)
00
|
|
|
Current account balance:
|
|
-$1.279 billion (2009
est.)
35
-$2.764
billion (2008 est.)
|
|
|
Exports:
|
|
$4.057 billion (2009
est.)
09
$5.194
billion (2008 est.)
|
|
|
Exports - commodities:
|
|
metals, clothing, wood
products
|
|
|
Exports - partners:
|
|
Croatia 20.7%, Slovenia
16.7%, Italy 16.6%, Germany 13%, Austria 10.3%, Hungary 4.8% (2008)
|
|
|
Imports:
|
|
$8.785 billion (2009
est.)
$12.29
billion (2008 est.)
|
|
|
Imports - commodities:
|
|
machinery and equipment,
chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
|
|
|
Imports - partners:
|
|
Croatia 24.3%, Slovenia
12.6%, Germany 12.1%, Italy 10.4%, Hungary 6.5%, Turkey 6.4%, Austria
6.2% (2008)
|
|
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|
|
$3.398 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
$3.516
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
|
|
|
Debt - external:
|
|
$8.415 billion (31
December 2009 est.)
$7.388
billion (31 December 2008 est.)
|
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
|
konvertibilna markas
(BAM) per US dollar - 1.4352 (2009), 1.3083 (2008), 1.4419 (2007),
1.5576 (2006), 1.5727 (2005)
note:
the convertible mark is pegged to the euro
|
|
|
|
| Communications
::Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Telephones - main lines in use:
|
|
1.031 million (2008)
|
|
|
Telephones -
mobile cellular:
|
|
3.179 million (2008)
07
|
|
|
Telephone system:
|
|
general assessment: post-war
reconstruction of the telecommunications network, aided by a
internationally sponsored program under EBRD, resulting in sharp
increases in the number of fixed telephone lines available
domestic:
fixed-line teledensity roughly 22 per 100 persons;
mobile-cellular subscribership has been increasing rapidly and, in
2008, reached 70 telephones per 100 persons
international:
country code - 387; no satellite earth stations
(2008)
|
|
|
Radio broadcast stations:
|
|
AM 8, FM 16, shortwave 1
(1998)
|
|
|
Television
broadcast stations:
|
|
33 (1995)
|
|
|
Internet country code:
|
|
.ba
|
|
|
Internet hosts:
|
|
69,370 (2009)
|
|
|
Internet users:
|
|
1.308 million (2008)
|
|
|
|
| Transportation
::Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Airports:
|
|
25 (2009)
32
|
|
|
Airports - with paved runways:
|
|
total: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m:
4
1,524 to 2,437 m:
1
under 914 m:
2 (2009)
|
|
|
Airports - with unpaved runways:
|
|
total: 18
1,524 to 2,437 m:
1
914 to 1,523 m:
7
under 914 m:
10 (2009)
|
|
|
Heliports:
|
|
5 (2009)
|
|
|
Railways:
|
|
total: 1,000
km
standard gauge:
1,000 km 1.435-m gauge (590 km electrified) (2008)
|
|
|
Roadways:
|
|
total: 21,846
km
07
paved:
11,425 km (4,714 km of interurban roads)
unpaved:
10,421 km (2006)
|
|
|
Waterways:
|
|
Sava River (northern
border) open to shipping but use limited (2008)
|
|
|
Ports and terminals:
|
|
Bosanska Gradiska,
Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Samac, and Brcko (all inland waterway ports on
the Sava River), Orasje
|
|
|
|
| Military ::Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Military branches:
|
|
Armed Forces of Bosnia and
Herzegovina (AFBiH): Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Air and Air Defense
Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Zrakoplovstvo i Protuzracna Obrana,
ZPO) (2010)
|
|
|
Military service age and obligation:
|
|
18 years of age for
voluntary military service; conscription abolished in January 2006;
4-month service obligation (2009)
|
|
|
Manpower available for military service:
|
|
males age 16-49: 1,194,832
females age 16-49:
1,156,698 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Manpower fit for military service:
|
|
males age 16-49: 980,425
females age 16-49:
948,791 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
|
|
male: 26,134
female:
24,518 (2010 est.)
|
|
|
Military expenditures:
|
|
4.5% of GDP (2005 est.)
1
|
|
|
|
| Transnational Issues
::Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Disputes - international:
|
|
sections along the Drina River
remain in dispute between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia; discussions
continue with Croatia on several small disputed sections of the
boundary related to maritime access that hinder final ratification of
the 1999 border agreement
|
|
|
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
|
|
refugees (country of origin): 7,269
(Croatia)
IDPs:
131,600 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Bosniaks
displaced in 1992-95 war) (2007)
|
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
|
increasingly a transit
point for heroin being trafficked to Western Europe; minor transit point
for marijuana; remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering activity
given a primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak law
enforcement, and instances of corruption
|
|
|
|
|
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